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coast phase

  • 1 coast phase control system

    Military: CPCS

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > coast phase control system

  • 2 фаза пассивного полёта

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фаза пассивного полёта

  • 3 фаза полёта с неработающим двигателем

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фаза полёта с неработающим двигателем

  • 4 фаза полёта по инерции

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фаза полёта по инерции

  • 5 система управления на этапе полёта по инерции

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > система управления на этапе полёта по инерции

  • 6 сторона

    phase, coast, side, ( контракта) party юр., view

    Русско-английский словарь по строительству и новым строительным технологиям > сторона

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 Leerlauf

    m
    1. TECH., Motor: idling; Maschine: idle running; im Leerlauf sein Motor: be idling; Maschine: be running idle
    2. MOT., SCHALTUNG: neutral (gear); Fahrrad: freewheel; im Leerlauf fahren coast, freewheel; in den Leerlauf schalten go into neutral, put the car into neutral
    3. fig., in Betrieb etc.: unproductive phase, slack ( oder idle) period(s Pl.); SPORT etc.: boring patch(es Pl.); Leerlauf haben be having ( oder going through) a slack ( oder an idle) period; Person: have nothing to do; es gab viel Leerlauf im Betrieb there were a lot of slack periods at work; in der Arbeitsweise: the firm had a lot of slack in the system
    * * *
    der Leerlauf
    idle running; neutral; empty running; neutral gear; idling; idle gear
    * * *
    Leer|lauf
    m
    1) (AUT) neutral; (von Fahrrad) freewheel

    im Léérlauf fahren — to coast

    das Auto ist im Léérlauf — the engine is in neutral

    2) (fig) slack
    * * *
    (the position of the gear of an engine in which no power passes to the wheels etc: I put the car into neutral.) neutral
    * * *
    Leer·lauf
    m
    1. (Gangeinstellung) neutral gear
    im \Leerlauf in neutral
    jetzt in den \Leerlauf schalten! change into neutral now!
    2. (unproduktive Phase) unproductiveness no pl
    * * *
    der; o. Pl
    1)

    im Leerlauf den Berg hinunterfahren — < driver> coast down the hill in neutral; < cyclist> freewheel or coast down the hill

    2) (fig.)

    es gab [viel] Leerlauf im Büro — there were [long] slack periods in the office

    * * *
    1. TECH, Motor: idling; Maschine: idle running;
    im Leerlauf sein Motor: be idling; Maschine: be running idle
    2. AUTO, Schaltung: neutral (gear); Fahrrad: freewheel;
    im Leerlauf fahren coast, freewheel;
    in den Leerlauf schalten go into neutral, put the car into neutral
    3. fig, in Betrieb etc: unproductive phase, slack ( oder idle) period(s pl); SPORT etc boring patch(es pl);
    Leerlauf haben be having ( oder going through) a slack ( oder an idle) period; Person: have nothing to do;
    es gab viel Leerlauf im Betrieb there were a lot of slack periods at work; in der Arbeitsweise: the firm had a lot of slack in the system
    * * *
    der; o. Pl
    1)

    im Leerlauf den Berg hinunterfahren — < driver> coast down the hill in neutral; < cyclist> freewheel or coast down the hill

    2) (fig.)

    es gab [viel] Leerlauf im Büro — there were [long] slack periods in the office

    * * *
    -¨e m.
    idle n.
    idling n.
    lost motion n.
    neutral gear (automobiles) n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Leerlauf

  • 9 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 10 полет

    полет сущ
    1. flight
    2. journey 3. operation 4. trip 5. voyage аварийная ситуация в полете
    in-flight emergency
    автоматический полет
    1. automatic flight
    2. computer-directed flight автоматическое управление полетом
    automatic flight control
    административные полеты
    executive flying
    административный полет
    business operation
    анализ безопасности полетов
    safety investigation
    аэродинамическая труба имитации свободного полета
    free-flight wind tunnel
    аэродром на трассе полета
    en-route aerodrome
    аэродромный круг полетов
    aerodrome traffic circuit
    аэродромный полет
    local flight
    база для обслуживания полетов
    air base
    балансировка в горизонтальном полете
    horizontal trim
    балансировка в полете
    operational trim
    безаварийное выполнение полетов
    accident-free flying
    безаварийный полет
    accident-free flight
    без достаточного опыта выполнения полетов
    beyond flight experience
    безопасная дистанция в полете
    in-flight safe distance
    безопасность полетов
    1. flight safety
    2. flight operating safety беспосадочный полет
    1. nonstop flight
    2. continuous flight билет на полет в одном направлении
    single ticket
    бланк плана полета
    flight plan form
    боковой обзор в полете
    sideway inflight view
    бортовой вычислитель управления полетом
    airborne guidance computer
    бреющие полеты
    contour flying
    бреющий полет
    1. scooping
    2. contour flight 3. hedge-hopping 4. low-level flight бустерная система управления полетом
    flight control boost system
    быть непригодным к полетам
    inapt for flying
    ввод данных о полете
    flight data input
    верхний обзор в полете
    upward inflight view
    верхний эшелон полета
    upper flight level
    ветер в направлении курса полета
    tailwind
    видимость в полете
    flight visibility
    визуальная оценка расстояния в полете
    distance assessment
    визуальный контакт в полете
    flight visual contact
    визуальный ориентир в полете
    flight visual cue
    визуальный полет
    1. visual flight
    2. contact flight визуальный полет по кругу
    visual circling
    вихрь в направлении линии полета
    line vortex
    влиять на безопасность полетов
    effect on operating safety
    внутренние полеты
    local operations
    воздушная яма на пути полета
    in flight bump
    воздушное пространство с запретом визуальных полетов
    visual exempted airspace
    воздушное судно большой дальности полетов
    long-distance aircraft
    воздушное судно в полете
    1. making way aircraft
    2. in-flight aircraft 3. aircraft on flight воздушное судно, готовое к полету
    under way aircraft
    воздушное судно для полетов на большой высоте
    high-altitude aircraft
    воздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полете
    receiver aircraft
    воздушное судно, имеющее разрешение на полет
    authorized aircraft
    возобновление полетов
    flight resumption
    возобновлять полет
    1. resume the flight
    2. resume the journey возобновлять полеты
    resume normal operations
    восходящий поток воздуха на маршруте полета
    en-route updraft
    ВПП, не соответствующая заданию на полет
    wrong runway
    в процессе полета
    1. while in flight
    2. in flight временная разница пунктов полета
    jetlag
    временные полеты
    1. sojourn
    2. part time operations время горизонтального полета
    level flight time
    время полета по внешнему контуру
    outbound time
    время полета по маршруту
    trip time
    время самолетного полета
    solo flying time
    всепогодные полеты
    1. all-weather operations
    2. all-weather flying всепогодный полет
    all-weather flight
    вспомогательный маршрут полета
    side trip
    выбирать маршрут полета
    select the flight route
    вывозной полет
    introductory flight
    выдерживание высоты полета автопилотом
    autopilot altitude hold
    выдерживание заданной высоты полета
    preselected altitude hold
    выдерживание курса полета с помощью инерциальной системы
    inertial tracking
    выдерживание траектории полета
    flight path tracking
    выдерживать заданный график полета
    maintain the flight watch
    выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
    maintain the flight level
    выдерживать требуемую скорость полета
    maintain the flying speed
    выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
    maintain the flight procedure
    выполнение горизонтального полета
    level flying
    выполнение полетов
    1. flight operation
    2. flying выполнение полетов с помощью радиосредств
    radio fly
    выполнять групповой полет
    fly in formation
    выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
    carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
    выполнять полет
    carry out the flight
    выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
    hold over the aids
    выполнять полет в определенных условиях
    fly under conditions
    выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
    hold over the beacon
    выполнять полет по курсу
    fly the heading
    выполнять полеты с аэродрома
    operate from the aerodrome
    высота перехода к визуальному полету
    break-off height
    высота полета
    flight altitude
    высота полета вертолета
    helicopter overflight height
    высота полета вертолета при заходе на посадку
    helicopter approach height
    высота полета в зоне ожидания
    holding flight level
    высота полета по маршруту
    en-route altitude
    высота установленная заданием на полет
    specified altitude
    высотный полет
    1. hing-altitude flight
    2. altitude flight вычислитель параметров траектории полета
    flight-path computer
    гарантия полета
    flight assurance
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerate in the flight
    гиперзвуковой полет
    hypersonic flight
    годность к полетам
    flight fitness
    годный к полетам
    airworthy
    головокружение при полете в сплошной облачности
    cloud vertigo
    горизонтальный полет
    1. horizontal flight
    2. level flight 3. level горизонтальный полет на крейсерском режиме
    level cruise
    горизонт, видимый в полете
    in-flight apparent horizon
    готовый к выполнению полетов
    flyable
    готовый к полету
    in flying condition
    граница высот повторного запуска в полете
    inflight restart envelope
    график полета
    flight schedule
    грубая ошибка в процессе полета
    in flight blunder
    груз, сброшенный в полете
    jettisoned load in flight
    группа, выполняющая полет по туру
    tour group
    дальность активного полета
    all-burnt range
    дальность видимости в полете
    flight visual range
    дальность горизонтального полета
    horizontal range
    дальность полета
    1. range ability
    2. flight range дальность полета без дополнительных топливных баков
    built-in range
    дальность полета без коммерческой загрузки
    zero-payload range
    дальность полета без наружных подвесок
    clean range
    дальность полета в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight range
    дальность полета воздушного судна
    aircraft range
    дальность полета до намеченного пункта
    range to go
    дальность полета до полного израсходования топлива
    flight range with no reserves
    дальность полета до пункта назначения
    flight distance-to-go
    дальность полета на предельно малой высоте
    on-the-deck range
    дальность полета на режиме авторотации
    autorotation range
    дальность полета по замкнутому маршруту
    closed-circuit range
    дальность полета по прямой
    direct range
    дальность полета при полной заправке
    full-tanks range
    дальность полета при попутном ветре
    downwind range
    дальность полета с максимальной загрузкой
    full-load range
    дальность полета с полной коммерческой загрузкой
    commercial range
    дальность управляемого полета
    controllable range
    данные об условиях полета
    flight environment data
    действующий план полета
    operational flight plan
    деловой полет
    business flight
    деловые полеты
    business flying
    демонстрационный полет
    1. demonstration flight
    2. demonstration operation диапазон изменения траектории полета
    flight path envelope
    диапазон режимов полета
    flight envelope
    диспетчер по планированию полетов
    flight planner
    диспетчерское управление полетами
    1. operational control
    2. flight control дистанция полета
    flight distance
    дневной полет
    day flight
    доводить до уровня годности к полетам
    render airworthy
    доворот для коррекции направления полета
    flight corrective turn
    дозаправка топливом в полете
    air refuelling
    дозаправлять топливом в полете
    refuel in flight
    дозвуковой полет
    subsonic flight
    докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
    report reaching the flight level
    донесение о полете
    voyage report
    донесение о ходе полета
    flight report
    дополнительный план полета
    supplementary flight plan
    допускать пилота к полетам
    permit a pilot to operate
    допустимый предел шума при полете
    flyover noise limit
    единый тариф на полет в двух направлениях
    two-way fare
    завершать полет
    1. complete the flight
    2. terminate the flight зависимость коммерческой загрузки от дальности полета
    payload versus range
    заводской испытательный полет
    1. factory test flight
    2. production test flight заданная траектория полета
    assigned flight path
    заданные условия полета
    given conditions of flight
    заданный режим полета
    basic flight reference
    заданный уровень безопасности полетов
    target level of safety
    заданный эшелон полета
    preset flight level
    закрытая для полетов ВПП
    idle runway
    закрытие плана полета
    closing a flight plan
    замер в полете
    inflight measurement
    замкнутый маршрут полета
    circle trip
    занимать заданный эшелон полета
    reach the flight level
    запасной маршрут полета
    alternate air route
    запасной план полета
    alternate flight plan
    запись вибрации в полете
    inflight vibration recording
    запланированный полет
    prearranged flight
    запрет полетов
    curfew
    запрет полетов из-за превышения допустимого уровня шума
    noise curfew
    запускать двигатель в полете
    restart the engine in flight
    запуск в полете
    inflight starting
    запуск в полете без включения стартера
    inflight nonassisted starting
    зарегистрированный план полета
    filed flight plan
    заход на посадку после полета по кругу
    circle-to-land
    защитная зона для полетов вертолетов
    helicopter protected zone
    заявка на полет
    flight request
    зона воздушного пространства с особым режимом полета
    airspace restricted area
    зона ожидания для визуальных полетов
    visual holding point
    зона полетов
    operational area
    зона полетов вертолетов
    helicopter traffic zone
    зона тренировочных полетов
    training area
    изменение маршрута полета
    flight diversion
    изменение плана полета
    flight replanning
    изменение траектории полета
    takeoff profile change
    измерять маршрут полета
    replan the flight
    иметь место в полете
    be experienced in flight
    имитатор условий полета
    flight simulator
    имитация в полете
    inflight simulation
    имитация полета в натуральных условиях
    full-scale flight
    имитируемый полет
    simulated flight
    имитируемый полет по приборам
    simulated instrument flight
    индикатор хода полета
    flight progress display
    инспектор по производству полетов
    operations inspector
    инструктаж по условиям полета по маршруту
    route briefing
    инструктаж при аварийной обстановке в полете
    inflight emergency instruction
    инструктор по производству полетов
    flight operations instructor
    инструкция по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    air safety rules
    инструкция по производству полетов
    operation instruction
    интенсивность полетов
    flying intensity
    информация о ходе полета
    flight progress information
    испытание в свободном полете
    free-flight test
    испытание двигателя в полете
    inflight engine test
    испытание на максимальную дальность полета
    full-distance test
    испытание путем имитации полета
    simulated flight test
    испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
    flight stress measurement tests
    испытательные полеты
    test fly
    испытательный полет
    1. test operation
    2. shakedown flight 3. test flight 4. trial flight испытываемый в полете
    under flight test
    испытывать в полете
    test in flight
    Исследовательская группа по безопасности полетов
    Aviation Security Study Group
    исходная высота полета при заходе на посадку
    reference approach height
    исходная схема полета
    reference flight procedure
    канал передачи данных в полете
    flight data link
    карта планирования полетов на малых высотах
    low altitude flight planning chart
    карта полета
    aerial map
    карта полетов
    1. flight chart
    2. flight map категория ИКАО по обеспечению полета
    facility performance ICAO category
    квалификационная отметка о допуске к визуальным полетам
    visual flying rating
    Комитет по безопасности полетов
    Safety Investigation Board
    коммерческий полет
    commercial operation
    компьютерное планирование полетов
    computer flight planning
    контролируемое воздушное пространство предназначенное для полетов по приборам
    instrument restricted airspace
    контролируемый полет
    controlled flight
    контроль за полетом
    flight monitoring
    контроль за производством полетов
    operating supervision
    контроль за ходом полета
    flight supervision
    контрольный полет
    1. check
    2. checkout flight контрольный полет перед приемкой
    flight acceptance test
    контроль полета
    flight watch
    конфигурация при полете на маршруте
    en-route configuration
    короткий полет
    hop
    крейсерская скорость для полета максимальной дальности
    long-range cruise speed
    крейсерский полет
    1. cruise
    2. cruising flight кресло, расположенное перпендикулярно направлению полета
    outboard facing seat
    кресло, расположенное по направлению полета
    forward facing seat
    кресло, расположенное против направления полета
    aft facing seat
    кривая зависимости коммерческой от дальности полета
    payload-range curve
    кривая изменения высоты полета
    altitude curve
    кривизна траектории полета
    flight path curvature
    круговой маршрут полета
    round trip
    кругосветный полет
    around-the-world flight
    круг полета над аэродромом
    1. aerodrome circuit
    2. aerodrome circle курсограф траектории полета
    flight-path plotter
    курс полета
    flight course
    курсы подготовки пилотов к полетам по приборам
    instrument pilot school
    левый круг полета
    left circuit
    летать в режиме бреющего полета
    fly at a low level
    летная полоса, оборудованная для полетов по приборам
    instrument strip
    линия полета
    line of flight
    линия полета по курсу
    on-course line
    линия пути полета
    flight track
    магистральный полет
    long-distance flight
    малошумный полет
    noiseless flight
    маневр в полете
    inflight manoeuvre
    маршрут минимального времени полета
    minimum time track
    маршрутная карта полетов на малых высотах
    low altitude en-route chart
    маршрутное планирование полетов
    en-route flight planning
    маршрут полета
    1. flight route
    2. flight lane маршрут полета в направлении от вторичных радиосредств
    track from secondary radio facility
    медицинская служба обеспечения полетов
    aeromedical safety division
    меры безопасности в полете
    flight safety precautions
    местные полеты
    local flying
    метеосводка по трассе полета
    airway climatic data
    методика выполнения полета с минимальным шумом
    minimum noise procedure
    механизм для создания условий полета в нестабильной атмосфере
    rough air mechanism
    механизм открытия защелки в полете
    mechanical flight release latch
    мешать обзору в полете
    obscure inflight view
    минимальная высота полета по кругу
    minimum circling procedure height
    минимальная крейсерская высота полета
    minimum cruising level
    минимальная скорость полета
    minimum flying speed
    минимум для полетов по кругу
    circling minima
    многоэтапный полет
    multistage flight
    моделирование условий полета
    flight simulation
    набирать высоту при полете по курсу
    climb on the course
    набирать заданную скорость полета
    obtain the flying speed
    нагрузка в полете
    flight load
    нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
    flight control load
    надежность в полете
    inflight reliability
    наземный ориентир на трассе полета
    en-route ground mark
    накладывать ограничения на полеты
    restrict the operations
    намеченный маршрут полета
    the route to be flown
    направление полета
    flight direction
    начинать полет
    commence the flight
    незамкнутый маршрут полета
    open-jaw trip
    неконтролируемый полет
    uncontrolled flight
    необходимые меры предосторожности в полете
    flight reasonable precautions
    неожиданное препятствие в полете
    hidden flight hazard
    неофициальная информация о полете
    unofficial flight information
    неправильно оцененное расстояние в полете
    misjudged flight distance
    неправильно принятое в полете решение
    improper in-flight decision
    непрерывная запись хода полета
    continuous flight record
    непригодный к выполнению полетов
    unflyable
    непроизвольное увеличение высоты полета
    altitude gain
    неразрешенный полет
    unauthorized operation
    несбалансированный полет
    out-of-trim flight
    несоответствие плану полета
    flight discrepancy
    неуправляемый полет
    incontrollable flight
    неустановившийся полет
    1. unsteady flight
    2. transient flight нижний обзор в полете
    downward inflight view
    нижний эшелон полета
    lower flight level
    нормы шума при полетах на эшелоне
    level flight noise requirements
    ночной полет
    night flight
    ночные полеты
    night-time flying
    ночные учебные полеты
    night training
    обеспечение безопасности полетов
    promotion of safety
    обеспечение эшелонирования полетов воздушных судов
    aircraft separation assurance
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    enforce rules of the air
    обзор в полете
    inflight view
    оборудование автоматического управления полетом
    automatic flight control equipment
    оборудование для демонстрационных полетов
    sign towing equipment
    оборудование для полетов в темное время суток
    night-flying equipment
    оборудование для полетов по приборам
    blind flight equipment
    обратный маршрут полета
    return trip
    обратный полет
    return
    обучение в процессе полетов
    flying training
    огни на трассе полета
    airway lights
    ограничение времени полета
    flight duty period
    ограничение по скорости полета
    air-speed limitation
    односторонний маршрут полета
    single trip
    ожидание в процессе полета
    hold en-route
    ознакомительный полет
    familiarization flight
    опасные условия полета
    hazardous flight conditions
    оперативное планирование полетов
    operational flight planning
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    1. handle the flight controls
    2. manipulate the flight controls описание маршрута полета
    route description
    опознавание в полете
    aerial identification
    определять зону полета воздушного судна
    space the aircraft
    организация полетов
    flight regulation
    ориентировочный прогноз на полет
    provisional flight forecast
    особые меры в полете
    in-flight extreme care
    особые случаи выполнения полетов
    abnormal operations
    особые явления погоды на маршруте полета
    en-route weather phenomena
    остановка на маршруте полета
    en-route stop
    остановка при полете обратно
    outbound stopover
    остановка при полете туда
    inbound stopover
    осуществлять контроль за ходом полета
    exercise flight supervision
    отклонение от курса полета
    deviation
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    deviation from the level flight
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviate from the flight plan
    открытая для полетов ВПП
    operational runway
    открытый для полетов
    navigable
    отменять полет
    1. cancel the flight
    2. cancel operation отрезок полета
    portion of a flight
    отсчет показаний при полете на глиссаде
    on-slope indication
    отчет о полете
    flight history
    оценка пилотом ситуации в полете
    pilot judgement
    очередность полетов
    air priority
    панель контроля хода полета
    flight deck
    парящие полеты
    sail fly
    парящий полет
    1. soaring flight
    2. sailing flight первый полет
    maiden flight
    переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    put the aircraft over
    перегоночный полет
    1. delivery flight
    2. ferry operation 3. ferry flight передний обзор в полете
    forward inflight view
    переход в режим горизонтального полета
    puchover
    перечень необходимого исправного оборудования для полета
    minimum equipment item
    персонал по обеспечению полетов
    flight operations personnel
    планирование полетов
    flight planning
    планирование полетов экипажей
    crew scheduling
    планируемый полет
    intended flight
    планирующий полет
    gliding flight
    план повторяющихся полетов
    repetitive flight plan
    план полета
    flight plan
    план полета, переданный с борта
    air-filed flight plan
    план полета по приборам
    instrument flight plan
    планшет хода полета
    flight progress board
    повторный запуск в полете
    flight restart
    погрешность выдерживания высоты полета
    height-keeping error
    подвергать полет опасности
    jeopardize the flight
    подготовка для полетов по приборам
    instrument flight training
    подготовленная для полетов ВПП
    maintained runway
    поисковый полет
    search operation
    полет без крена
    wings-level flight
    полет в восточном направлении
    eastbound flight
    полет в зоне ожидания
    1. holding flight
    2. holding полет в направлении на станцию
    flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight outbound the station
    полет в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight
    полет вне расписания
    1. nonscheduled flight
    2. unscheduled flight полет вне установленного маршрута
    off-airway flight
    полет в нормальных метеоусловиях
    normal weather operation
    полет в обоих направлениях
    back-to-back flight
    полет в одном направлении
    one-way flight
    полет в пределах континента
    coast-to-coast flight
    полет в режиме висения
    hover flight
    полет в режиме ожидания
    holding operation
    полет в режиме ожидания на маршруте
    holding en-route operation
    полет в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    special event flight
    полет в сложных метеоусловиях
    bad-weather flight
    полет в строю
    formation flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    1. bumpy-air flight
    2. turbulent flight полет в условиях отсутствия видимости
    nonvisual flight
    полет в условиях плохой видимости
    low-visibility flight
    полет в установленной зоне
    standoff flight
    полет в установленном секторе
    sector flight
    полет для выполнения наблюдений с воздуха
    1. aerial survey flight
    2. aerial survey operation полет для выполнения работ
    1. aerial work operation
    2. aerial work flight полет для контроля состояния посевов
    crop control flight
    полет для контроля состояния посевов с воздуха
    crop control operation
    полет для ознакомления с местностью
    orientation flight
    полет для оказания медицинской помощи
    aerial ambulance operation
    полет для проверки летных характеристик
    performance flight
    полет для разведки метеорологической обстановки
    meteorological reconnaissance flight
    полет на автопилоте
    autocontrolled flight
    полет на аэростате
    ballooning
    полет на буксире
    aerotow flight
    полет на дальность
    distance flight
    полет над водным пространством
    1. overwater flight
    2. overwater operation полет над облаками
    overweather flight
    полет над открытым морем
    flight over the high seas
    полет на конечном этапе захода на посадку
    final approach operation
    полет на короткое расстояние
    1. flip
    2. short-haul flight полет на крейсерском режиме
    normal cruise operation
    полет на критическом угле атаки
    stall flight
    полет на малой высоте
    low flying operation
    полет на малой скорости
    low-speed flight
    полет на малом газе
    idle flight
    полет на малых высотах
    low flight
    полет на номинальном расчетном режиме
    with rated power flight
    полет на одном двигателе
    single-engined flight
    полет на ориентир
    directional homing
    полет на полном газе
    full-throttle flight
    полет на продолжительность
    endurance flight
    полет на режиме авторотации
    autorotational flight
    полет на среднем участке маршрута
    mid-course flight
    полет на участке между третьим и четвертым разворотами
    base leg operation
    полетное время, продолжительность полета в данный день
    flying time today
    полет, открывающий воздушное сообщение
    inaugural flight
    полет под наблюдением
    supervised flight
    полет по дополнительному маршруту
    extra section flight
    полет по заданной траектории
    desired path flight
    полет по заданному маршруту
    desired track flight
    полет по замкнутому кругу
    closed-circuit flight
    полет по замкнутому маршруту
    round-trip
    полет по индикации на стекле
    head-up flight
    полет по инерции
    1. coasting flight
    2. coast полет по коробочке
    box-pattern flight
    полет по круговому маршруту
    1. round-trip flight
    2. circling полет по кругу
    circuit-circling
    полет по кругу в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic circuit operation
    полет по кругу над аэродромом
    1. aerodrome circuit-circling
    2. aerodrome circling полет по курсу
    flight on heading
    полет по локсодромии
    rhumb-line flight
    полет по маршруту
    1. en-route operation
    2. en-route flight полет по маякам ВОР
    VOR course flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам
    visual navigation flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам или по командам наземных станций
    reference flight
    полет по полному маршруту
    entire flight
    полет по приборам
    1. blind flight
    2. instrument flight 3. head-down flight 4. instrument flight rules operation полет по приборам, обязательный для данной зоны
    compulsory IFR flight
    полет по размеченному маршруту
    point-to-point flight
    полет по расписанию
    1. scheduled flight
    2. regular flight полет по сигналам с земли
    directed reference flight
    полет по условным меридианам
    grid flight
    полет по установленным правилам
    flight under the rules
    полет с боковым ветром
    cross-wind flight
    полет с визуальной ориентировкой
    visual contact flight
    полет с выключенным двигателем
    engine-off flight
    полет с выключенными двигателями
    power-off flight
    полет с дозаправкой топлива в воздухе
    refuelling flight
    полет с инструктором
    1. dual flight
    2. dual operation полет с креном
    banked flight
    полет с набором высоты
    1. nose-up flying
    2. climbing flight полет с несимметричной тягой двигателей
    asymmetric flight
    полет с обычным взлетом и посадкой
    conventional flight
    полет со встречным ветром
    head-wind flight
    полет со снижением
    1. downward flight
    2. nose-down flying 3. descending operation 4. descending flight полет со сносом
    drift flight
    полет с отклонением
    diverted flight
    полет с парированием сноса
    crabbing flight
    полет с пересечением границ
    border-crossing flight
    полет с помощью радионавигационных средств
    radio navigation flight
    полет с попутным ветром
    tailwind flight
    полет с посадкой
    entire journey
    полет с постоянным курсом
    single-heading flight
    полет с промежуточной остановкой
    one-stop flight
    полет с работающим двигателем
    engine-on flight
    полет с работающими двигателями
    1. powered flight
    2. power-on flight полет с сопровождающим
    chased flight
    полет с убранными закрылками
    flapless flight
    полет с уменьшением скорости
    decelerating flight
    полет с ускорением
    accelerated flight
    полет с целью перебазирования
    positioning flight
    полет с целью установления координат объекта поиска
    aerial spotting operation
    полет с частного воздушного судна
    private flight
    полет туда-обратно
    1. turn-around operation
    2. turnround flight полет туда - обратно
    out-and-return flight
    полет хвостом вперед
    rearward flight
    полеты авиации общего назначения
    general aviation operations
    полеты воздушных судов
    aircraft flying
    полеты в районе открытого моря
    off-shore operations
    полеты в светлое время суток
    daylight operations
    полеты в темное время суток
    night operations
    полеты гражданских воздушных судов
    civil air operations
    полеты на высоких эшелонах
    high-level operations
    полеты на малых высотах
    low flying
    полеты планера
    glider flying
    полеты по воздушным трассам
    airways flying
    полеты по изобаре
    pressure flying
    полеты по контрольным точкам
    fix-to-fix flying
    полеты по кругу
    circuit flying
    полеты по наземным естественным ориентирам
    terrain fly
    полеты по низким метеоминимумам
    low weather operations
    полеты по обратному лучу
    back beam flying
    полеты по ортодромии
    great-circle flying
    полеты по прямому лучу
    front beam flying
    полеты по радиолучу
    radio-beam fly
    полеты с использованием радиомаяков
    radio-range fly
    получать задания на полет
    receive flight instruction
    по полету
    looking forward
    порядок действий во время полета
    inflight procedure
    посадка на маршруте полета
    intermediate landing
    правила визуального полета
    1. visual flight rules
    2. contact flight rules правила полета в аварийной обстановке
    emergency flight procedures
    правила полета по кругу
    circuit rules
    правила полетов
    1. rules of the air
    2. flight rules правила полетов по приборам
    instrument flight rules
    правый круг полета
    1. right circuit
    2. right-hand circle предварительная заявка на полет
    advance flight plan
    предварительные меры по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    advance arrangements
    предписанный маршрут полета
    prescribed flight track
    предполагаемая траектория полета
    intended flight path
    представление плана полета
    submission of a flight plan
    представлять план полета
    submit the flight plan
    предупреждение опасных условий полета
    avoidance of hazardous conditions
    преимущественное право полета
    traffic privilege
    препятствие на пути полета
    air obstacle
    прерванный полет
    aborted operation
    прерывать полет
    1. break the journey
    2. abort the flight пригодность для полета на местных воздушных линиях
    local availability
    пригодный для полета только в светлое время суток
    available for daylight operation
    придерживаться плана полета
    adhere to the flight plan
    приемно-сдаточный полет
    acceptance flight
    приспособление для захвата объектов в процессе полета
    flight pick-up equipment
    проведение работ по снижению высоты препятствий для полетов
    obstacle clearing
    проверено в полете
    flight checked
    проверка в полете
    flight check
    проверка готовности экипажа к полету
    flight crew supervision
    проверка обеспечения полетов на маршруте
    route-proving trial
    программа всепогодных полетов
    all-weather operations program
    прогулочные полеты
    pleasure flying
    прогулочный полет
    1. pleasure operation
    2. pleasure flight 3. с осмотром достопримечательностей sight-seeing flight продолжать полет
    continue the flight
    продолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топлива
    continue operating on the fuel reserve
    продолжительность полета
    1. flight endurance
    2. flight duration продолжительность полета без дозаправки топливом
    nonrefuelling duration
    прокладка маршрута полета
    flight routing
    прокладка маршрута полета согласно указанию службы управления движением
    air traffic control routing
    пространственная ориентация в полете
    inflight spatial orientation
    против полета
    looking aft
    прямолинейный полет
    straight flight
    пункт трассы полета
    airway fix
    пункт управления полетами
    operations tower
    рабочий эшелон полета
    usable flight level
    радиолокационный обзор в полете
    inflight radar scanning
    разбор полета
    postflight debriefing
    разворот на курс полета
    joining turn
    разрешение в процессе полета по маршруту
    en-route clearance
    разрешение на выполнение плана полета
    flight plan clearance
    разрешение на выполнение полета
    permission for operation
    разрешение на полет
    1. flight clearance
    2. operational clearance разрешение на полет в зоне ожидания
    holding clearance
    разрешение на полет по приборам
    instrument clearance
    разрешенные полеты на малой высоте
    authorized low flying
    разрешенный полет
    authorized operation
    районный диспетчерский пункт управления полетами
    area flight control
    район полетов верхнего воздушного пространства
    upper flight region
    распечатка сведений о полете
    navigation hard copy
    расписание полетов
    flight timetable
    расходы при подготовке к полетам
    pre-operating costs
    расчет времени полета
    time-of-flight calculation
    расчетная дальность полета
    design flying range
    расчетная скорость полета
    reference flight speed
    расчетное время полета
    estimated time of flight
    реальные условия полета
    actual flight conditions
    регистратор параметров полета
    1. flight data recorder
    2. black box регистрация плана полета
    flight plan filing
    регистрировать план полета
    file the flight plan
    регулярность полетов
    regularity of operations
    режим полета
    1. mode of flight
    2. flight mode резервный план полета
    stored flight plan
    рекламный полет
    advertizing flight
    рекомендации по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    safety recommendations
    рекомендуемая траектория полета
    desired flight path
    руководство по полетам воздушных судов гражданской авиации
    civil air regulations
    руководство по производству полетов в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome rules
    руководство по управлению полетами
    flight control fundamentals
    самостоятельный полет
    1. solo flight
    2. solo operation сближение в полете
    air miss
    сбор за аэронавигационное обслуживание на трассе полета
    en-route facility charge
    сверхзвуковой полет
    supersonic flight
    свидетельство о допуске к полетам
    certificate of safety for flight
    свободный полет
    free flight
    свободный эшелон полета
    odd flight level
    связь для управления полетами
    control communication
    связь по обеспечению регулярности полетов
    flight regularity communication
    сдвиг ветра в зоне полета
    flight wind shear
    Секция полетов и летной годности
    operations-airworthiness Section
    (ИКАО) сертификационный испытательный полет
    certification test flight
    сертифицировать как годный к полетам
    certify as airworthy
    сигнал действий в полете
    flight urgency signal
    сигнализация аварийной обстановки в полете
    air alert warning
    сигнал между воздушными судами в полете
    air-to-air signal
    сигнал полета по курсу
    on-course signal
    система имитации полета
    flight simulation system
    система инспектирования полетов
    flight inspection system
    система информации о состоянии безопасности полетов
    aviation safety reporting system
    система обеспечения полетов
    flight operations system
    система предупреждения конфликтных ситуаций в полете
    conflict alert system
    система управления полетом
    1. flight control system
    2. flight management system сквозной полет
    through flight
    скольжение в направлении полета
    forwardslip
    скоростной полет
    high-speed flight
    скорость горизонтального полета
    level-flight speed
    скорость набора высоты при полете по маршруту
    en-route climb speed
    скорость полета
    flight speed
    скорость полета на малом газе
    flight idle speed
    скорость установившегося полета
    steady flight speed
    следить за полетом
    monitor the flight
    служба безопасности полетов
    airworthiness division
    служба обеспечения полетов
    flight service
    смещенный эшелон полета
    staggered flight level
    снежный заряд в зоне полета
    inflight snow showers
    снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
    push the aircraft down
    создавать опасность полету
    make an operation hazardous
    сообщение о ходе выполнения полета
    progress report
    составлять план полета
    complete the flight plan
    состояние годности к полетам
    flyable status
    состояние готовности ВПП к полетам
    clear runway status
    списание девиации в полете
    airswinging
    списание девиации компаса в полете
    air compass swinging
    списание радиодевиации в полете
    airborne error measurement
    способствовать выполнению полета
    affect flight operation
    средства обеспечения полета
    flying aids
    средства обеспечения полетов по приборам
    nonvisual aids
    срок представления плана на полет
    flight plan submission deadline
    станция службы обеспечения полетов
    flight service station
    схема визуального полета по кругу
    visual circling procedure
    схема полета
    flight procedure
    схема полета в зоне ожидания
    holding procedure
    схема полета по кругу
    1. circling procedure
    2. circuit pattern схема полета по маршруту
    en-route procedure
    схема полета по приборам
    instrument flight procedure
    схема полета по приборам в зоне ожидания
    instrument holding procedure
    схема полета с минимальным расходом топлива
    fuel savings procedure
    схема полетов
    bug
    схема полетов по кругу
    traffic circuit
    счетчик дальности полета
    distance flown counter
    счетчик пройденного километража в полете
    air-mileage indicator
    счисление пути полета
    flight dead reckoning
    считывание показаний приборов в полете
    flight instrument reading
    таблица эшелонов полета
    flight level table
    тариф для отдельного участка полета
    sectorial fare
    тариф для полета в одном направлении
    single fare
    тариф для полетов внутри одной страны
    cabotage fare
    тариф на отдельном участке полета
    sectorial rate
    тариф на полет в ночное время суток
    night fare
    тариф на полет по замкнутому кругу
    round trip fare
    тариф на полет с возвратом в течение суток
    day round trip fare
    текущий план полета
    current flight plan
    теория полета
    theory of flight
    техника выполнения полетов
    operating technique
    тип полета
    flight type
    точность слежения за траекторией полета
    path tracking accuracy
    траектория горизонтального полета
    1. horizontal flight path
    2. level flight path траектория неустановившегося полета
    transient flight path
    траектория полета
    flight path
    траектория полета в зоне ожидания
    holding path
    траектория полета наименьшей продолжительности
    minimum flight path
    траектория полета по маршруту
    en-route flight path
    траектория полета с предпосылкой к конфликтной ситуации
    conflicting flight path
    траектория полетов по низким минимумам погоды
    low weather minima path
    трансконтинентальный полет
    overland flight
    тренажер для подготовки к полетам по приборам
    instrument flight trainer
    тренировочный полет
    1. practice flight
    2. training flight 3. practice operation 4. training operation тренировочный полет с инструктором
    training dual flight
    тренировочный самостоятельный полет
    training solo flight
    тяга в полете
    flight thrust
    увеличивать дальность полета
    extend range
    угол наклона траектории полета
    flight path angle
    угрожать безопасности полетов
    jeopardize flight safety
    угроза безопасности полетов
    flight safety hazard
    угроза применения взрывчатого устройства в полете
    inflight bomb threat
    удостоверение на право полета по авиалинии
    airline certificate
    удостоверение на право полета по приборам
    instrument certificate
    указания по условиям эксплуатации в полете
    inflight operational instructions
    указатель местоположения в полете
    air position indicator
    указатель утвержденных маршрутов полета
    routing indicator
    управление воздушным движением на трассе полета
    airways control
    управление полетом
    flight management
    управляемый полет
    1. man-directed flight
    2. vectored flight управлять ходом полета
    govern the flight
    уровень безопасности полетов воздушного судна
    aircraft safety factor
    условия в полете
    in-flight conditions
    условия нагружения в полете
    flight loading conditions
    условное обозначение в сообщении о ходе полета
    flight report identification
    условное обозначение события в полете
    flight occurrence identification
    устанавливать режим полета
    establish the flight conditions
    установившийся полет
    1. stationary flight
    2. unaccelerated flight 3. stabilized flight 4. steady flight установленная схема полета по кругу
    fixed circuit
    установленные обязанности в полете
    prescribed flight duty
    установленный маршрут полета
    the route to be followed
    установленный порядок выполнения полета
    approved flight procedure
    устойчивость в полете
    inflight stability
    устойчивость на траектории полета
    arrow flight stability
    утвержденный план полета
    approved flight plan
    уточнение задания на полет
    flight coordination
    уточнение плана полета
    change to a flight plan
    уточнение плана полета по сведениям, полученным в полете
    inflight operational planning
    уточнять план полета
    modify the flight plan
    ухудшение в полете
    flight deterioration
    участник полета
    1. flyer
    2. flier участок крейсерского полета
    cruising segment
    участок маршрута полета
    1. air leg
    2. airborne segment участок полета без коммерческих прав
    blind sector
    участок траектории полета
    flight path segment
    учебные полеты
    instruction flying
    учебный полет
    instructional operation
    учебный полет с инструктором
    instructional dual flight
    учебный проверочный полет
    instructional check flight
    учебный самостоятельный полет
    instructional solo flight
    фактическая траектория полета
    actual flight path
    фигурный полет
    acrobatic flight
    характеристика набора высоты при полете по маршруту
    en-route climb performance
    целевой полет
    itinerant operation
    цепь поля возбуждения
    exciting circuit
    цифровая система наведения в полете
    digital flight guidance system
    чартерный рейс при наличии регулярных полетов
    on-line charter
    чартерный рейс при отсутствии регулярных полетов
    off-line charter
    частота на маршруте полета
    en-route frequency
    частота полетов
    frequency of operations
    челночные полеты
    shuttle flights
    чрезвычайное обстоятельство в полете
    flight emergency circumstance
    широковещательная радиостанция службы обеспечения полетов
    aerodynamic broadcast station
    шторка слепого полета
    instrument flying bind
    экспериментальный полет
    1. experimental flight
    2. experimental operation эксплуатационная дальность полета
    flight service range
    эксплуатационная дальность полета воздушного судна
    aircraft operational range
    электронная система управления полетом
    flight management computer system
    этапа полета в пределах одного государства
    domestic flight stage
    этап полета
    1. operation phase
    2. flight stage этап полета над другим государством
    international flight stage
    этап полета по маршруту
    en-route flight phase
    этап полета, указанный в полетном купоне
    flight coupon stage
    эшелонирование полетов воздушных судов
    aircraft spacing
    эшелон полета
    flight level

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > полет

  • 11 auslaufen

    (unreg., trennb., -ge-)
    I v/i (ist)
    1. Flüssigkeit: run out; durch Leck: leak out; Eiter: drain
    2. Wanne etc.: empty; durch Leck: leak; Auge etc.: drain
    3. NAUT. sail
    4. Farbe: run
    5. Läufer, Motor, Propeller etc.: run out; (stehen bleiben) come ( oder roll) to a stop
    6. (aufhören) end, come to an end; Vertrag etc.: expire; run out; Modell: be discontinued; allmählich: be phased out; auslaufen lassen (Produkt, Fernsehserie etc.) phase out
    7. auslaufen in (+ Akk) in eine Ebene etc.: end in; (sich zuspitzen) taper (in)to, narrow (in)to
    8. umg. ausgehen 4
    II v/refl (hat)
    1. get some exercise; im Garten können sich die Kinder richtig auslaufen the children can have a really good run around in the garden (Am. yard) ( oder can run around to their hearts’ content)
    2. nach Rennen, Training: warm down, have a warm-down run
    * * *
    (Gefäß) to run out; to leak out;
    (Modellreihe) to phase-out;
    (Schiff) to sail; to set sail
    * * *
    aus|lau|fen sep
    1. vi aux sein
    1) (Flüssigkeit) to run out (aus of); (Behälter) to empty; (= undicht sein) to leak; (Wasserbett, Blase, Auge) to drain; (Eiter) to drain, to discharge
    2) (NAUT Schiff, Besatzung) to sail
    3) (=nicht fortgeführt werden Modell, Serie) to be discontinued; (= ausgehen Vorräte, Lager) to run out

    etw áúslaufen lassen (Produkt etc) — to phase sth out

    4) (=aufhören Straße, Vertrag etc) to run out
    5) (= ein bestimmtes Ende nehmen) to turn out
    6) (= zum Stillstand kommen) (Motor, Förderband) to come to a stop; (SPORT) (Läufer) to ease off, to slow down; (Skifahrer) to coast to a stop
    7) (= übergehen in) to run; (fig Streit etc) to turn (
    in +acc into)

    die Berge laufen in die Ebene/spitz aus — the mountains run into the plain/come to a point

    in eine Bucht áúslaufen — to open out into a bay

    8) (Farbe, Stoff) to run
    2. vr
    to have some exercise

    sich áúslaufen können (Kinder) — to have room to run about

    * * *
    aus|lau·fen
    I. vi Hilfsverb: sein
    ▪ [aus etw dat] \auslaufen to run out [of sth]; (wegen Undichtheit) to leak out [of sth]; (Inhalt austreten lassen) to leak; Auge to drain; Blase to discharge, to drain
    2. NAUT (Hafen verlassen) to [set] sail, to put out to sea
    3. (nicht fortgeführt werden) to be discontinued
    ▪ ausgelaufen discontinued
    4. (enden) to end; Vertrag to expire, to run out
    5. (ein bestimmtes Ende nehmen)
    ▪ gut/nicht gut \auslaufen to turn out well/badly
    6. (zum Stillstand kommen) to come to a stop; Läufer a. to ease off, to slow down; Skispringer to glide to a stop
    7. (übergehen in)
    ▪ in etw akk \auslaufen to run into sth; (dadurch breiter werden) to open out into sth; Berge to end in sth; Streit, Ehekrach to turn into sth
    II. vr Hilfsverb: haben
    ▪ sich akk \auslaufen to have a good run about [or enough exercise]
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) run out ( aus of); < pus> drain
    2) (leer laufen) empty; < egg> run out
    3) (in See stechen) sail, set sail ( nach for)
    4) (erlöschen) <contract, agreement, etc.> run out
    5) (nicht fortgesetzt werden) < model, line> be dropped or discontinued

    etwas auslaufen lassen — drop or discontinue something

    6) (zum Stillstand kommen) come or roll to a stop
    * * *
    auslaufen (irr, trennb, -ge-)
    A. v/i (ist)
    1. Flüssigkeit: run out; durch Leck: leak out; Eiter: drain
    2. Wanne etc: empty; durch Leck: leak; Auge etc: drain
    3. SCHIFF sail
    4. Farbe: run
    5. Läufer, Motor, Propeller etc: run out; (stehen bleiben) come ( oder roll) to a stop
    6. (aufhören) end, come to an end; Vertrag etc: expire; run out; Modell: be discontinued; allmählich: be phased out;
    auslaufen lassen (Produkt, Fernsehserie etc) phase out
    7.
    auslaufen in (+akk) in eine Ebene etc: end in; (sich zuspitzen) taper (in)to, narrow (in)to
    8. umg → ausgehen 4
    B. v/r (hat)
    1. get some exercise;
    im Garten können sich die Kinder richtig auslaufen the children can have a really good run around in the garden (US yard) ( oder can run around to their hearts’ content)
    2. nach Rennen, Training: warm down, have a warm-down run
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) run out ( aus of); < pus> drain
    2) (leer laufen) empty; < egg> run out
    3) (in See stechen) sail, set sail ( nach for)
    4) (erlöschen) <contract, agreement, etc.> run out
    5) (nicht fortgesetzt werden) <model, line> be dropped or discontinued

    etwas auslaufen lassen — drop or discontinue something

    6) (zum Stillstand kommen) come or roll to a stop
    * * *
    (Gelände) v.
    to level off v. adj.
    rundown adj. v.
    to run out v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > auslaufen

  • 12 temps

    temps [tɑ̃]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
       a. (qui passe) time
    • s'accorder un temps de réflexion to give o.s. time to think
    • les temps sont durs ! times are hard!
    • il est grand temps de réagir it's high time we took action► il était temps ! ( = ce n'est pas trop tôt) about time too! ; ( = c'était juste) it came in the nick of time!
    ► avoir + temps
    • ma machine à laver est morte, elle a fait son temps my washing machine is past praying for► mettre + temps
    • comme le temps passe ! how time flies!► perdre + temps
    • le temps presse time is short► prendre + temps
    • il a pris son temps ! he took his time!► à temps in time
    • au temps où... in the days when...
    • au temps pour moi ! my mistake!► avec le temps in time
    • avec le temps, ça s'arrangera things will sort themselves out in time► dans + temps
    • être dans les temps (Sport) to be within the time limit ; [travail] to be on schedule ; ( = pas en retard) to be in time► de + temps
       b. ( = conditions atmosphériques) weather
    • quel temps fait-il ? what's the weather like?
    • avec le temps qu'il fait ! in this weather!
       d. (marquant un rythme) (Music) beat ; [d'exercice, mouvement] stage
       e. [de verbe] tense
    2. <
    • comment occupes-tu ton temps libre ? what do you do in your spare time? ► temps mort (Football, rugby) injury time uncount ; (dans le commerce, le travail) slack period ; (dans la conversation) lull
    * * *
    tɑ̃
    nom masculin invariable
    1) Météorologie weather [U]

    un temps de cochon — (colloq) lousy (colloq) weather

    par temps clair — ( de jour) on a clear day; ( de nuit) on a clear night

    2) ( durée) time

    (pendant) quelque or un certain temps — ( assez courte période) for a while; ( période plus longue) for some time

    pendant or pour un temps — for a while

    depuis le temps que ça existe, tu devrais être au courant — you should have known, it's been around for so long

    un an, le temps d'écrire un roman — a year, just long enough to write a novel

    le temps de me retourner, il avait disparu — by the time I turned round GB ou around, he had disappeared

    (j'ai) pas l'temps! — (colloq) not now!

    avoir dix or cent fois le temps — to have all the time in the world

    ça a pris or mis un temps fou — (colloq) it took ages (colloq)

    tu y as mis le temps!, tu en as mis du temps! — you (certainly) took your time!

    j'y mettrai le temps qu'il faudra, mais je le ferai — however long it takes, I'll get it done

    j'ai perdu un temps fou — (colloq) I've wasted loads (colloq) of time

    3) ( moment) time

    de temps en temps, de temps à autre — from time to time

    il était temps! — ( marquant l'impatience) (and) about time too!; ( marquant le soulagement) just in the nick of time!

    en temps voulu — ( à venir) in due course; ( quand il aurait fallu) at the right time

    4) ( époque) time

    au or du temps où — in the days when

    dans le temps, j'étais sportif — in my day, I did a bit of sport

    dans le temps, on n'avait pas l'électricité — in those days, we didn't have electricity

    depuis le temps, les choses ont dû bien changer — since then things must have really changed

    avoir fait son temps — [prisonnier, militaire] to have served one's time; [fonctionnaire, diplomate] to have put in one's time; [personne usée] to have outlived one's usefulness, to be past it (colloq); [produit à la mode, appareil, voiture] to have had its day

    5) ( phase) stage
    7) ( de travail) time

    avoir un travail à temps partiel/plein — to have a part-/full-time job

    9) ( de moteur) stroke
    10) Musique time
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    le temps perdu ne se rattrape jamais — Proverbe you can't make up for lost time

    prendre or se payer (colloq) du bon temps — to have a whale of a time

    * * *
    tɑ̃ nm
    1) (atmosphérique) weather
    2) (qui passe) time

    Je n'ai pas le temps. — I haven't got time.

    Cette idée a fait son temps. — This idea has had its day.

    3) (= époque) time, times pl

    Dans le temps, on pouvait circuler à vélo sans danger. — In the old days, it was safe to go around by bike.

    du temps que — at the time when, in the days when

    du temps où; au temps où — at the time when

    4) (= moment)

    il est temps de... — It's time to...

    Il est temps qu'il prenne sa retraite. — It's time for him to retire.

    en temps utile; en temps voulu — in due time, in due course

    de temps en temps; de temps à autre — from time to time, now and again

    à temps [partir, arriver] — in time

    Il est arrivé à temps pour le match. — He arrived in time for the match.

    5) LINGUISTIQUE tense
    6) MUSIQUE beat
    7) TECHNIQUE stroke

    à plein temps; à temps complet [travailler] — full time, (emploi) full-time

    Elle travaille à plein temps. — She works full time.

    à temps partiel [travailler] — part time, (emploi) part-time

    * * *
    1 Météo weather ¢; un or du temps gris grey GB ou gray US weather; un beau temps fine weather; quel beau/sale temps! what lovely/awful weather!; il faisait un temps merveilleux/de cochon it was marvellousGB/lousy weather; le mauvais temps nous a empêchés de sortir the bad weather stopped us from going out; le temps est à la pluie/neige it looks like rain/snow; le temps est à l'orage there's going to be a storm; le temps se met à la pluie the weather is turning to rain; vu le temps qu'il fait (what) with the weather as it is; quel temps fait-il? what's the weather like?; ça dépendra du temps qu'il fera it'll depend on the weather; par beau/mauvais temps in fine/bad weather, when the weather's fine/bad; par beau temps, on peut voir la tour on a clear day ou when the weather's fine, you can see the tower; par un si beau temps, tu devrais sortir! with such fine weather, you should go out!; par temps clair ( de jour) on a clear day; ( de nuit) on a clear night; par temps de pluie/neige when it rains/snows, in rainy/snowy weather; par tous les temps in all weathers; ⇒ pluie;
    2 ( notion) time; la fuite du temps the swift passage of time; le temps efface tout everything fades with time; oublier avec le temps to forget in ou with time; avec le temps, on s'y fait you get used to it in ou with time; le temps arrangera les choses time will take care of everything, it'll be all right in the end; ⇒ vivre;
    3 ( durée) peu de temps avant/après shortly before/after; en peu de temps in a short time; dans peu de temps shortly, before long; il y a or ça fait peu de temps que le train est parti the train left a short time ago; d'ici or dans quelque temps before long; (pendant) quelque or un certain temps ( assez courte période) for a while; ( période plus longue) for some time, for quite a while; depuis quelque or un certain temps il est bizarre he has been behaving oddly for a while now ou for some time now; il y a quelque or beau or un certain temps qu'on ne l'a pas vue it's been some time since anyone saw her; pendant or pour un temps for a while; pendant tout un temps for quite a while; pendant ce temps(-là) meanwhile, in the meantime; qu'as-tu fait tout ce temps(-là)? what have you been doing all this time?; qu'as-tu fait pendant (tout) ce temps(-là)? what did you do all that time?; en un rien de temps in next to no time, in no time at all; la plupart or les trois quarts du temps most of the time; tout le temps all the time; depuis le temps que j'en parle all this time I've been talking about it; depuis le temps que ça existe, tu devrais être au courant you should have known, it's been around for so long; le temps d'installation a été plus long que prévu it took longer than expected to install; le temps de la fouille m'a paru interminable the search seemed to go on forever; le temps d'un après-midi/d'un week-end/d'un instant just for an afternoon/a weekend/a minute; ils sont restés le temps de l'élection they stayed just for the duration of the election; il a souri le temps de la photo he smiled just long enough for the photo to be taken; un an, le temps d'écrire un roman a year, just long enough to write a novel; le temps de me retourner or que je me retourne, il avait disparu by the time I turned round GB ou around, he had disappeared; le temps de ranger mes affaires et j'arrive just let me put my things away and I'll be with you; avoir/ne pas avoir le temps to have/not to have (the) time (pour for; de faire to do); je n'ai plus beaucoup de temps I haven't got much time left; (j'ai) pas l'temps○! not now!; on a le temps we've got (plenty of) time; si tu as le temps, pourrais-tu…? if you've got time, could you…?; avoir juste le temps to have just (enough) time; avoir tout le temps to have bags○ of time ou plenty of time; avoir dix or cent fois le temps to have all the time in the world; je n'avais que le temps de faire I only had time to do; vous avez combien de temps pour le déjeuner? how long do you have for lunch?; avoir du temps (de) libre to have (some) free time; nous avons du temps devant nous we have plenty of time, we have time to spare; tu as vraiment du temps devant toi! iron have you got time to kill?; je n'ai pas le temps matériel de faire, je n'ai matériellement pas le temps de faire there just aren't enough hours in the day (for me) to do; consacrer du temps à qn/qch to devote time to sb/sth GB, to spend time on sb/sth; donner or laisser à qn le temps de faire to give sb time to do; mettre or prendre du temps to take time (à faire, pour faire to do); il faut du temps pour faire it takes time to do; beaucoup de temps [mettre, prendre] a long time; moins de temps que [falloir, mettre, prendre] less time than; plus de temps que [falloir, mettre, prendre] longer than; prendre peu de temps not to take a long time, not to take long; ne pas prendre beaucoup de temps not to take long; il m'a fallu or cela m'a pris or j'ai mis beaucoup de temps it took (me) a long time; il t'a fallu or cela t'a pris or tu as mis combien de temps? how long did it take you?; ça a pris or mis un temps fou○ it took ages○; prendre le temps de faire to take the time to do; prendre son temps to take one's time; prendre tout son temps to take all the time one needs; les enfants prennent tout mon temps the children take up all my time; tu y as mis le temps!, tu en as mis du temps! you (certainly) took your time!; j'y mettrai le temps qu'il faudra, mais je le ferai however long it takes, I'll get it done; le temps que met sa lumière à nous parvenir the time its light takes to reach us; si tu savais le temps que ça (m')a pris! if you knew how long it took (me)!; le temps passe vite time flies; le temps passe et rien n'est prêt time's slipping by and nothing's ready; laisser passer le temps to let time slip by; ça passe le temps it passes the time; faire passer le temps to while away the time (en faisant doing); passer (tout) son temps à faire to spend (all of) one's time doing; passer le plus clair de son temps à faire to spend most of one's time doing; perdre du temps to waste time (à qch, en qch on sth; à faire doing); perdre son temps to waste one's time; nous avons perdu beaucoup de temps à discuter or en discussions we've wasted a lot of time arguing; j'ai perdu un temps fou○ I've wasted loads○ of time (à faire doing); avoir du temps à perdre to have time on one's hands; c'est du temps perdu, c'est une perte de temps it's a waste of time; cette visite, c'était vraiment du temps (de) perdu that visit was a real waste of time; faire qch à temps perdu to do sth in one's spare time; il n'y a plus de temps/pas de temps à perdre there's no more time/no time to lose; le temps presse! time is short!; être pressé par le temps to be pressed ou pushed for time; trouver le temps de faire to find (the) time to do; j'ai trouvé le temps long (the) time seemed to drag, time went really slowly; être dans les temps Sport to be within the time; nous sommes dans les temps we've still got time; finir dans les temps to finish in time;
    4 ( moment) time; à temps [partir, terminer] in time; juste à temps just in time; de temps en temps, de temps à autre from time to time, now and then; en même temps at the same time (que as); je suis arrivé en même temps qu'elle I arrived at the same time as her ou as she did; le temps est venu de faire the time has come to do; il y a un temps pour tout there's a time for everything; il était temps! ( marquant l'impatience) (and) about time too!; ( marquant le soulagement) just in the nick of time!; il est temps, il n'est que temps it's about time; il est grand temps it's high time (de faire to do); il n'est que temps de partir it's high time we left; il est temps de partir or que nous partions it's time we left; il est temps que tu fasses it's time you did ou for you to do; il n'est plus temps de faire it's too late to do; en temps utile in time; en temps voulu in due course; en temps opportun at the appropriate time; en temps et lieu at the right time and place; la mesure/décision a été prise en son temps the measure/decision was taken at the right time ou when it should have been;
    5 ( époque) au or du temps des Grecs in the time of the Greeks; au or du temps de mes grand-parents/de César in my grandparents'/Caesar's time; les temps modernes/préhistoriques modern/prehistoric times; le temps des semailles/examens sowing/exam time; au temps des dinosaures/de l'exploration spatiale in the age of the dinosaurs/of space exploration; au or du temps où in the days when; regretter le temps où to feel nostalgia for the days when; l'échelle des temps géologiques the scale of geological ages; les temps héroïques de the heroic days of; le bon or beau temps de l'expansion the good old days (pl) of expansion; le bon vieux temps the good old days (pl); comme au bon vieux temps as in the good old days; c'était le bon temps! those were the days!; au plus beau temps de in the heyday of; au pire temps de in the worst days of; l'événement le plus grand/extraordinaire de tous les temps the greatest/most extraordinary event of all time; les temps sont durs times are hard; ces derniers temps, ces temps derniers recently; ces temps-ci lately; en tout temps at all times; de mon/leur temps in my/their day ou time; dans le temps, j'étais sportif in my day, I did a bit of sport; dans le temps, on n'avait pas l'électricité in those days, we didn't have electricity; depuis le temps, les choses ont dû bien changer since then things must have really changed; il est loin le temps où the days are long gone when; il n'est pas loin le temps où tu n'étais qu'une enfant it's not so long ago that you were but a child; n'avoir or ne durer qu'un temps to be short-lived; en un temps où at a time when; en temps normal or ordinaire usually; en d'autres temps at any other time; en temps de paix/guerre in peacetime/wartime; en ces temps de pénurie/d'abondance in these times of hardship/of plenty; en ce temps-là at that time; être de son temps to move with the times; être en avance sur son temps to be ahead of one's time; être en retard sur son temps to be behind the times; avoir fait son temps [prisonnier, militaire] to have served one's time; [fonctionnaire, diplomate] to have put in one's time; pej [personne usée] to have outlived one's usefulness, to be past it○; [produit à la mode, appareil, voiture] to have had its day; ⇒ mœurs;
    6 ( phase) stage; en deux temps in two stages; temps mort (d'activité, de travail) slack period; dans un premier temps first; dans un deuxième temps subsequently; dans un dernier temps finally; ⇒ deux;
    7 Ling ( de verbe) tense; les temps simples/composés/du passé simple/compound/past tenses; adverbe de temps adverb of time;
    8 Entr ( de travail) time; avoir un travail à temps partiel/plein to have a part-/full-time job; travailler à temps partiel to work part-time; travailler à temps plein or à plein temps or à temps complet to work full-time; être employé à plein temps to be in full-time work; je cherche un temps partiel○ I'm looking for a part-time job; temps de travail working hours (pl); temps de travail quotidien working day GB, workday US; temps de travail hebdomadaire working week GB, workweek US;
    9 Sport time; un excellent temps an excellent time; il a fait or réalisé le meilleur temps he got the best time; améliorer son temps d'une seconde to knock a second off one's time; être or rester dans les temps to be inside the time; jouer les temps d'arrêt ( au football) to play injury time;
    10 Mécan ( de moteur) stroke; moteur à quatre temps four-stroke engine;
    11 Mus time; temps de valse waltz time; mesure à deux/trois/quatre temps two-four/three-four/four-four time.
    temps d'accès access time; temps d'antenne airtime; temps d'arrêt Ordinat down time; temps atomique international, TAI international atomic time, TAI; temps d'attente Ordinat latency, waiting time; temps choisi Entr flexitime; temps civil Admin local time; temps différé Ordinat batch mode; temps d'exploitation operating time; temps faible Mus piano; temps fort Mus forte; fig high point; temps d'indisponibilité unavailable time; temps légal Admin local time; temps mort Ordinat idle time; temps partagé Ordinat time-sharing; en temps partagé time-sharing ( épith); temps de pose Phot exposure time; temps de positionnement Ordinat seek time; temps primitifs Ling principal parts of the verb; temps de réaction Psych reaction time; temps de recherche = temps de positionnement; temps réel Ordinat real time; en temps réel real-time ( épith); temps de réponse response time; temps sidéral sidereal time; temps solaire solar time; temps solaire moyen/vrai mean/true solar time; temps universel Greenwich Mean Time, GMT, universal time; temps universel coordonné, TUC universal time coordinated, UTC; temps de vol flying time.
    au temps pour moi! my mistake!; il y a un temps de se taire et un temps de parler there is a time to keep silence and a time to speak; le temps perdu ne se rattrape jamais or ne revient point Prov you can't make up for lost time; par le temps qui court, par les temps qui courent with things as they are; prendre le temps comme il vient to take things as they come; prendre or se donner or se payer○ du bon temps to have a whale of a time.
    [tɑ̃] nom masculin
    A.[CLIMAT] weather
    avec le temps qu'il fait, par ce temps in this weather
    il fait un temps gris it's overcast, the weather's dull (UK) ou gloomy
    par beau temps ou par temps clair, on voit la côte anglaise when it's fine ou on a clear day, you can see the English coast
    B.[DURÉE]
    1. [écoulement des jours]
    comme le temps passe!, comme ou que le temps passe vite! how time flies!
    2. [durée indéterminée] time (substantif non comptable)
    pour passer le temps to while away ou to pass the time
    3. [durée nécessaire] time (substantif comptable)
    va chercher du lait, le temps que je fasse du thé go and get some milk while I make some tea
    surtout prends ton temps! (ironique) take your time, won't you?, don't hurry, will you?
    temps de cuisson/préparation CUISINE cooking/preparation time
    être ou travailler à temps partiel to work part-time
    être ou travailler à plein temps ou à temps plein to work full-time
    faire un trois quarts (de) temps ≃ to work 30 hours per week
    4. [loisir] time (substantif comptable)
    maintenant qu'elle est à la retraite, elle ne sait plus quoi faire de son temps now that she's retired, she doesn't know how to fill her time
    mon train est à 7 h, j'ai grandement ou tout le temps my train is at 7, I've plenty of time (to spare)
    ne nous pressons pas, on a tout notre temps! (ironique) couldn't you go (just) a little bit slower?
    5. [moment favorable]
    il est temps: il est (grand) temps! it's high time!, it's about time!
    la voilà — il était temps! here she is — it's about time ou and not a minute too soon ou and about time too!
    il était temps, le bol allait tomber that was close, the bowl was about to fall
    il n'est plus temps de discuter, il faut agir the time for discussion is past ou enough talking, we must act
    il est temps que tu t'inscrives you'd better enrol soon, it's time you enrolled
    6. [époque déterminée] time (substantif comptable)
    le temps n'est plus aux querelles we should put quarrels behind us, the time for quarelling is past
    il fut un temps où... there was a time when...
    le temps n'est plus où... gone are the days when...
    être en avance/en retard sur son temps to be ahead of/behind one's time
    dans mon jeune temps when I was young, in my younger days
    j'ai cru, un temps, que... I thought, for a while, that...
    elle est fidèle — ça n'aura ou ne durera qu'un temps she's faithful — it won't last
    faire son temps [détenu, soldat] to do ou to serve one's time
    la cafetière/mon manteau a fait son temps (familier) the coffee machine's/my coat's seen better days
    en temps normal ou ordinaire usually, in normal circumstances
    7. [saison, période de l'année] time (substantif comptable), season
    le temps des cerises/pêches the cherry/peach season
    8. [phase - d'une action, d'un mouvement] stage
    temps d'accès/d'amorçage access/start-up time
    le temps de l'avent/du carême (the season of) Advent/Lent
    le temps pascal Easter time, Eastertide
    14. SPORT [d'une course] time
    ESCRIME [durée - d'une action] time, temps ; [ - d'un combat] bout
    ————————
    [tɑ̃] nom masculin pluriel
    [époque] times, days
    les temps modernes/préhistoriques modern/prehistoric times
    ————————
    à temps locution adverbiale
    je n'arriverai/je ne finirai jamais à temps! I'll never make it/I'll never finish in time!
    ————————
    à temps perdu locution adverbiale
    ————————
    → link=enen même temps
    ————————
    → link=enen même temps que
    ————————
    au temps de locution prépositionnelle
    in ou at the time of, in the days of
    au temps jadis locution adverbiale
    au temps où locution conjonctive,
    au temps que locution conjonctive
    ————————
    avec le temps locution adverbiale
    avec le temps, tout s'arrange time is a great healer
    ces temps-ci locution adverbiale
    dans ce temps-là locution adverbiale
    → link=enen même temps
    → link=enen même temps que
    dans le temps locution adverbiale
    ————————
    dans les temps locution adverbiale
    a. [pour un travail] to be on schedule ou time
    b. [pour une course] to be within the time (limit)
    de temps à autre locution adverbiale,
    de temps en temps locution adverbiale
    ————————
    du temps de locution prépositionnelle
    du temps de notre père, tu n'aurais pas osé when our father was (still) alive, you wouldn't have dared
    de mon temps, ça n'existait pas when I was young ou in my day, there was no such thing
    → link=auau temps où
    → link=dansdans ce temps-là
    en même temps locution adverbiale
    en même temps que locution conjonctive
    ————————
    en temps de locution prépositionnelle
    en temps de guerre/paix in wartime/peacetime
    en temps de prospérité/récession in times of prosperity/recession
    en temps et lieu locution adverbiale
    in due course ou time, at the proper time and place
    en un temps où locution conjonctive
    ————————
    par les temps qui courent locution adverbiale
    (familier) (things being as they are) these days ou nowadays
    tout le temps locution adverbiale
    ————————
    temps fort nom masculin
    ————————
    temps mort nom masculin
    1. [au basketball, au volleyball] time-out
    [dans une conversation] lull, pause

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > temps

  • 13 по

    автомат загрузки по скоростному напору
    Q-feel system
    автомат имитации усилий по числу М
    Mach-feel system
    автоматическое сопровождение по дальности
    automatic range tracking
    автоматическое флюгирование по отрицательной тяге
    drag-actuated autofeathering
    автоматическое флюгирование по предельным оборотам
    overspeed-actuated autofeathering
    автомат стабилизации автопилота по числу М
    autopilot Mach lock
    автомат устойчивости по тангажу
    pitch autostabilizer
    агент по грузовым перевозкам
    cargo agent
    агент по оформлению
    handing agent
    агент по оформлению туристических перевозок
    travel agent
    агент по продаже билетов
    ticket medium
    агентство по отправке грузов воздушным транспортом
    air freight forwarder
    Агентство по пропорциональным тарифам
    Prorate Agency
    анализатор с интегрированием по времени
    time-integrating analyser
    Африканская конференция по авиационным тарифам
    African Air Tariff Conference
    аэропортовый комитет по разработке и утверждению расписания
    airport scheduling committee
    балансировать по тангажу
    trim in pitch
    балансировка по тангажу
    longitudinal trim
    билет по основному тарифу
    normal fare ticket
    блок контроля скорости пробега по земле
    ground run monitor
    весовая отдача по полезной нагрузке
    useful-to-takeoff load ratio
    взлетать по ветру
    takeoff downwind
    взлет по вертолетному
    no-run takeoff
    взлет по ветру
    downwind takeoff
    взлет по приборам
    instrument takeoff
    взлет по самолетному
    1. forward takeoff
    2. running takeoff визуальная посадка по наземным ориентирам
    visually judged landing
    визуальный заход на посадку по упрощенной схеме
    abbreviated visual approach
    визуальный полет по кругу
    visual circling
    воздушная перевозка по найму
    air operation for hire
    воздушное судно, загруженное не по установленной схеме
    improperly loaded aircraft
    воздушное судно, не сертифицированное по шуму
    nonnoise certificate aircraft
    воздушное судно по обмену
    interchanged aircraft
    восстановление по крену
    bank erection
    восстановление по тангажу
    pitch erection
    ВПП, не оборудованная для посадки по приборам
    noninstrument runway
    ВПП, оборудованная для посадки по приборам
    instrument runway
    вращаться по инерции
    run down
    вращение по инерции
    rundown
    время вылета по расписанию
    scheduled departure time
    время наземной тренировки по приборам
    instrument ground time
    время налета по приборам
    instrument flying time
    время налета по приборам на тренажере
    instrument flying simulated time
    время полета по внешнему контуру
    outbound time
    время полета по маршруту
    trip time
    время по расписанию
    due time
    выдерживание курса по курсовому радиомаяку
    localizer hold
    выдерживать курс по компасу
    hold the heading on the compass
    выдерживать направление по лучу
    follow the beam
    выполнять доработку по бюллетеню
    perform the service bulletin
    выполнять полет по курсу
    fly the heading
    высота по давлению
    pressure altitude
    высота полета по маршруту
    en-route altitude
    высота по радиовысотомеру
    radio height
    Генеральная конференция по мерам и весам
    General Conference of Weights and Measure
    генеральный агент по продаже
    general sales agent
    годность по состоянию здоровья
    medical fitness
    годность по уровню шума
    noiseworthiness
    градус по шкале Цельсия
    degree Celsius
    группа, выполняющая полет по туру
    tour group
    дальность видимости по наклонной прямой
    oblique visibility
    дальность видимости по прямой
    1. line-of-sight distance
    2. line-of-sight range дальность полета по замкнутому маршруту
    closed-circuit range
    дальность полета по прямой
    direct range
    датчик рассогласования по крену
    roll synchro transmitter
    датчик усилий по крену
    roll control force sensor
    движение по земле
    ground run
    движение по тангажу
    pitching motion
    дежурный по посадке
    boarding clerk
    действия по аэродрому при объявлении тревоги
    aerodrome alert measures
    действия по обнаружению и уходу
    see and avoid operations
    действующий технологический стандарт по шуму
    current noise technology standard
    деятельность по координации тарифов
    tariff coordinating activity
    диспетчер по загрузке
    load controller
    диспетчер по загрузке и центровке
    weight and balance controlled
    диспетчер по планированию
    planner
    диспетчер по планированию полетов
    flight planner
    длина разбега по воде
    water run length
    дозаправлять топливом на промежуточной посадке по маршруту
    refuel en-route
    доставка грузов по воздуху
    aerial cargo delivery
    доставлять по воздуху
    fly in
    доступ, регламентированный по времени
    time-ordered access
    доход по контракту
    contract revenue
    Европейская конференция по вопросам гражданской авиации
    European Civil Aviation Conference
    загрузочный механизм по скоростному напору
    Q-feel mechanism
    загрузочный механизм по числу М
    Mach-feel mechanism
    закрылок по всему размаху
    full-span flap
    занимать эшелон по нулям
    be on the level on the hour
    запас по оборотам несущего винта
    rotor speed margin
    запас по помпажу
    surging margin
    запас по сваливанию
    stall margin
    запас по ускорению
    acceleration margin
    заход на посадку, нормированный по времени
    timed approach
    заход на посадку по командам наземных станций
    advisory approach
    заход на посадку по коробочке
    rectangular traffic pattern approach
    заход на посадку по криволинейной траектории
    curved approach
    заход на посадку по кругу
    circling approach
    заход на посадку по крутой траектории
    steep approach
    заход на посадку по курсовому маяку
    localizer approach
    заход на посадку по маяку
    beam approach
    заход на посадку по обзорному радиолокатору
    surveillance radar approach
    заход на посадку по обычной схеме
    normal approach
    заход на посадку по осевой линии
    center line approach
    заход на посадку по полной схеме
    long approach
    заход на посадку по пологой траектории
    flat approach
    заход на посадку по приборам
    1. instrument approach landing
    2. instrument landing approach заход на посадку по прямому курсу
    front course approach
    заход на посадку по радиолокатору
    radar approach
    заход на посадку по сегментно-криволинейной схеме
    segmented approach
    заход на посадку после полета по кругу
    circle-to-land
    заход на посадку по укороченной схеме
    short approach
    заход на посадку по упрощенной схеме
    simple approach
    заход на посадку с прямой по приборам
    straight-in ILS-type approach
    звездное время по гринвичскому меридиану
    Greenwich sideral time
    зона захода на посадку по кругу
    circling approach area
    зона обзора по азимуту
    azimuth coverage
    изменение маршрута по желанию пассажира
    voluntary rerouting
    имитируемый полет по приборам
    simulated instrument flight
    инженер по навигационным средствам
    navaids engineer
    инженер по радиоэлектронному оборудованию
    radio engineer
    инженер по техническому обслуживанию воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance engineer
    инженер по электронному оборудованию
    electronics engineer
    инспектор по летной годности
    airworthiness inspector
    инспектор по производству полетов
    operations inspector
    инспекция по расследованию авиационных происшествий
    investigating authority
    инструктаж по условиям полета по маршруту
    route briefing
    инструктор по навигационным средствам
    navaids instructor
    инструктор по производству полетов
    flight operations instructor
    инструкция по загрузке воздушного судна
    aircraft loading instruction
    инструкция по консервации и хранению воздушного судна
    aircraft storage instruction
    инструкция по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    air safety rules
    инструкция по производству полетов
    operation instruction
    инструкция по техническому обслуживанию
    maintenance instruction
    инструкция по эксплуатации воздушного судна
    aircraft operating instruction
    информация по воздушной трассе
    airway information
    информация по условиям посадки
    landing instruction
    испытание по уходу на второй круг
    go-around test
    испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
    flight stress measurement tests
    испытания по полной программе
    full-scale tests
    Исследовательская группа по безопасности полетов
    Aviation Security Study Group
    истинное время по Гринвичу
    Greenwich apparent time
    исходные условия сертификации по шуму
    noise certification reference conditions
    калибровка чувствительности по звуковому давлению
    sound pressure sensitivity calibration
    категория ИКАО по обеспечению полета
    facility performance ICAO category
    классификация воздушных судов по типам
    aircraft category rating
    кодирование по опорному времени
    time reference coding
    Комиссия по авиационной метеорологии
    Commission for aeronautical Meteorology
    Комиссия по нарушению тарифов
    Breachers Commission
    Комиссия по основным системам
    Commission for basic Systems
    Комитет по авиационному шуму
    Committee on Aircraft Noise
    Комитет по безопасности полетов
    Safety Investigation Board
    Комитет по воздушным перевозкам
    1. Air Transport Committee
    2. Air Transportation Board Комитет по исследованиям звуковых ударов
    Sonic Boom Committee
    Комитет по координации частот
    Frequency Coordinating Body
    Комитет по незаконному вмешательству
    Committee on Unlawful Interference
    Комитет по охране окружающей среды от воздействия авиации
    Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection
    Комитет по поощрительным тарифам
    Creative Fares Board
    Комитет по рассмотрению авиационных вопросов
    Aviation Review Committee
    Комитет по расходам
    Cost Committee
    Комитет по специальным грузовым тарифам
    Specific Commodity Rates Board
    коммерческая загрузка, ограниченная по массе
    weight limited payload
    коммерческая загрузка, ограниченная по объему
    space limited payload
    компрессор по помпажу
    compressor surge margin
    конвенция по вопросам деятельности международной гражданской авиации
    convention on international civil aviation
    конвенция по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic convention
    консультант по вопросам обучения
    training consultant
    консультант по тренажерам
    trainers consultant
    Консультативная группа по метеообеспечению
    Meteorological Advisory Group
    консультативное сообщение по устранению конфликтной ситуации
    resolution advisory
    Консультативный комитет по управлению воздушным движением
    Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee
    Консультативный комитет по упрощению формальностей
    Facilitation Advisory Committee
    контролируемое воздушное пространство предназначенное для полетов по приборам
    instrument restricted airspace
    контроль состояния посевов по пути выполнения основного задания
    associated crop control operation
    Конференция агентства по грузовым перевозкам
    Cargo Agency Conference
    Конференция агентств по пассажирским перевозкам
    Passenger Agency Conference
    Конференция по валютным вопросам
    Currency Conference
    Конференция по вопросам обслуживания пассажиров
    Passenger Services Conference
    Конференция по координации тарифов
    Tariff Co-ordinating Conference
    координационный центр по спасанию
    rescue coordination center
    коррекция траектории по полученной информации
    reply-to-track correlation
    кресло, расположенное по направлению полета
    forward facing seat
    курс захода на посадку по приборам
    instrument approach course
    курс подготовки по утвержденной программе
    approved training course
    курс по локсодромии
    rhumb-line course
    курс по маяку
    beacon course
    курс по радиомаяку
    localizer course
    курсы подготовки пилотов к полетам по приборам
    instrument pilot school
    летать по ветру
    fly downwind
    летать по глиссадному лучу
    fly the glide-slope beam
    летать по кругу
    1. circularize
    2. fly round 3. fly the circle летать по кругу над аэродромом
    circle the aerodrome
    летать по курсу
    1. fly on the heading
    2. fly on the course летать по локсодромии
    fly the rhumb line
    летать по маршруту
    fly en-route
    летать по ортодромии
    fly the great circle
    летать по приборам
    1. fly on instruments
    2. fly by instruments летать по приборам в процессе тренировок
    fly under screen
    летать по прямой
    fly straight
    лететь по лучу
    fly the beam
    летная полоса, оборудованная для полетов по приборам
    instrument strip
    линия полета по курсу
    on-course line
    линия пути по локсодромии
    rhumb-line track
    линия пути по схеме с двумя спаренными разворотами
    race track
    Международная комиссия по аэронавигации
    International commission for Air Navigation
    Международная комиссия по освещению
    Commission on Illumination
    международное сотрудничество по вопросам летной годности
    international collaboration in airworthiness
    меры по обеспечению безопасности
    safety control measures
    меры по предупреждению пожара
    fire precautions
    меры по снижению шума
    noise abatement measures
    метеоданные по аэродрому
    aerodrome forecast material
    метеосводка по трассе полета
    airway climatic data
    методика сертификации по шуму
    noise certification procedure
    метод продажи по наличию свободных мест
    space available policy
    механизм триммерного эффекта по тангажу
    pitch trim actuator
    механизм усилий по скоростному напору
    Q-feel unit
    минимальная высота полета по кругу
    minimum circling procedure height
    минимальная высота по маршруту
    minimum en-route altitude
    минимум для полетов по кругу
    circling minima
    набирать высоту при полете по курсу
    climb on the course
    набор высоты по крутой траектории
    steep climb
    набор высоты по установившейся схеме
    proper climb
    наведение по азимуту
    azimuth guidance
    наведение по азимуту при заходе на посадку
    approach azimuth guidance
    наведение по глиссаде
    glide-slope guidance
    наведение по глиссаде при заходе на посадку
    approach slope guidance
    наведение по клиренсу
    clearance guidance
    наведение по лучу
    1. beam homing
    2. beam follow guidance 3. beam riding наведение по лучу радиолокационной станции
    radar beam riding
    наведение по отраженному лучу
    back beam track guidance
    наведение по углу
    angle guidance
    навигация по визуальным ориентирам
    contact navigation
    навигация по заданным путевым углам
    angle navigation
    навигация по линии равных азимутов
    constant-bearing navigation
    навигация по наземным ориентирам
    1. landmark navigation
    2. terrestrial navigation 3. ground reference navigation навигация по ортодромии
    waypoint navigation
    навигация по условным координатам
    grid navigation
    наставление по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic guide
    не по курсу
    off-course
    неустойчивость по крену
    roll instability
    неустойчивость по тангажу
    pitch instability
    облако, напоминающее по виду наковальню
    anvil cloud
    обобщенные характеристики по шуму
    generalized noise characteristics
    оборудование для полетов по приборам
    blind flight equipment
    обслуживание по смешанному классу
    mixed service
    обслуживание по туристическому классу
    1. economy class service
    2. coach service 3. no frills service обтекать по потоку
    streamwise
    обтекать хорду по потоку
    stream-wise chord
    Объединенная конференция по грузовым тарифам
    Composite cargo Traffic Conference
    Объединенная конференция по координации грузовым перевозкам
    Composite cargo Tariff Coordinating Conference
    Объединенная конференция по координации пассажирских тарифов
    Composite Passenger Tariff Co-ordinating Conference
    Объединенная конференция по пассажирским перевозкам
    Composite Passenger Conference
    огни по требованию
    lights on request
    ограничение по боковому ветру
    cross-wind limit
    ограничение по времени
    time limit
    ограничение по массе
    weight limitation
    ограничение по скорости полета
    air-speed limitation
    ограничения по загрузке
    loading restrictions
    ограничения по летной годности
    airworthiness limitations
    ограничивать по состоянию здоровья
    decrease in medical fitness
    операции по подготовке рейса к вылету
    departure operations
    операции по спасению
    rescue operations
    операция по рассеиванию тумана
    fog dispersal operation
    операция по спасению
    rescue mission
    опережение по фазе
    phase advance
    определение местонахождения воздушного судна по звездам
    astrofix
    определение местоположения по наземным ориентирам
    visual ground fixing
    определение местоположения по пеленгу одной станции
    one-station fixing
    определение местоположения по пройденному пути и курсу
    range-bearing fixing
    ориентировка ВПП по магнитному меридиану
    magnetic orientation of runway
    ориентировка по радиомаяку
    radio-range orientation
    остановка по расписанию
    sheduled stopping
    Отдел по соблюдению тарифов
    Compliance Department
    отклонение по дальности
    range deviation
    отклонение по крену
    bank displacement
    отставание по времени
    time lag
    отставание по фазе
    phase lag
    ошибка по дальности
    range error
    параметр потока, критический по шуму
    noise-critical flow parameter
    пассажир по полному тарифу
    adult
    пеленг по гироприбору
    gyro bearing
    перевозка грузов по воздуху
    air freight lift
    перевозка пассажиров по контракту
    contract tour
    перевозка по специальному тарифу
    unit toll transportation
    перевозки по тарифу туристического класса
    coach traffic
    персонал по обеспечению полетов
    flight operations personnel
    персонал по оформлению билетов
    ticketing personnel
    пикирование по спирали
    spiral dive
    пилотировать по приборам
    pilot by reference to instruments
    планирование воздушного судна по спирали
    aircraft spiral glide
    план полета по приборам
    instrument flight plan
    по азимуту
    in azimuth
    поверхность управления по всему размаху
    full-span control surface
    (напр. крыла) по ветру
    downwind
    по всему размаху
    tip
    погода по метеосводке
    reported weather
    погрешность отсчета по углу места
    elevation error
    подводить по трубопроводу
    deliver by pipe
    подготовка для полетов по приборам
    instrument flight training
    подготовка по утвержденной программе
    approved training
    по запросу
    1. on-request
    2. on request полет по дополнительному маршруту
    extra section flight
    полет по заданной траектории
    desired path flight
    полет по заданному маршруту
    desired track flight
    полет по замкнутому кругу
    closed-circuit flight
    полет по замкнутому маршруту
    round-trip
    полет по индикации на стекле
    head-up flight
    полет по инерции
    1. coasting flight
    2. coast полет по коробочке
    box-pattern flight
    полет по круговому маршруту
    1. round-trip flight
    2. circling полет по кругу
    circuit-circling
    полет по кругу в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic circuit operation
    полет по кругу над аэродромом
    1. aerodrome circling
    2. aerodrome circuit-circling полет по курсу
    flight on heading
    полет по локсодромии
    rhumb-line flight
    полет по маршруту
    1. en-route operation
    2. en-route flight полет по маякам ВОР
    VOR course flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам
    visual navigation flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам или по командам наземных станций
    reference flight
    полет по полному маршруту
    entire flight
    полет по приборам
    1. instrument flight rules operation
    2. instrument flight 3. blind flight 4. head-down flight полет по приборам, обязательный для данной зоны
    compulsory IFR flight
    полет по размеченному маршруту
    point-to-point flight
    полет по расписанию
    1. scheduled flight
    2. regular flight полет по сигналам с земли
    directed reference flight
    полет по условным меридианам
    grid flight
    полет по установленным правилам
    flight under the rules
    полеты по воздушным трассам
    airways flying
    полеты по изобаре
    pressure flying
    полеты по контрольным точкам
    fix-to-fix flying
    полеты по кругу
    circuit flying
    полеты по наземным естественным ориентирам
    terrain fly
    полеты по низким метеоминимумам
    low weather operations
    полеты по обратному лучу
    back beam flying
    полеты по ортодромии
    great-circle flying
    полеты по прямому лучу
    front beam flying
    полеты по радиолучу
    radio-beam fly
    положение, определенное по радиолокатору
    radar track position
    положение по направлению трассы
    along-track position
    положение по тангажу
    pitch attitude
    по оси воздушного судна
    on aircraft center line
    по полету
    looking forward
    по размаху
    spanwise
    порядок действий по тревоге на аэродроме
    aerodrome alerting procedure
    посадка по вертолетному типу
    helicopter-type landing
    посадка по ветру
    downwind landing
    посадка по командам с земли
    1. ground-controlled landing
    2. talk-down landing посадка по приборам
    1. instrument landing
    2. blind landing посадка по техническим причинам
    technical stop
    Постоянный комитет по летно-техническим характеристикам
    Standing Committee of Performance
    по часовой стрелке
    clockwise
    правила полета по кругу
    circuit rules
    правила полетов по приборам
    instrument flight rules
    превышение по высоте
    gain in altitude
    предварительные меры по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    advance arrangements
    предкрылок по всему размаху
    full-span slat
    (крыла) предоставляется по запросу
    available on request
    предполетный инструктаж по метеообстановке
    flight weather briefing
    предпочтительная по уровню шума ВПП
    noise preferential runway
    предпочтительный по уровню шума маршрут
    noise preferential route
    предупреждение по аэродрому
    aerodrome warning
    преобразователь сигнала по тангажу
    pitch transformer
    пробегать по полному маршруту
    cover the route
    проведение работ по снижению высоты препятствий для полетов
    obstacle clearing
    проверка прилегания по краске
    transferred marking
    прогноз по авиатрассе
    airway forecast
    прогноз по аэродрому
    aerodrome forecast
    прогноз по высоте
    height forecast
    прогноз по маршруту
    air route forecast
    прогноз по региону
    regional forecast
    программа сертификации по шуму
    noise certification scheme
    продажа билетов по принципу наличия свободных мест
    space available basis
    продолжительность по запасу топлива
    fuel endurance
    прокладка маршрута по угловым координатам
    angle tracking
    пропускная способность по числу посадок
    landing capacity
    противопожарное патрулирование по пути выполнения основного задания
    associated fire control operation
    пульт управления по радио
    radio control board
    работы по техническому обслуживанию
    maintenance operations
    Рабочая группа по разработке основных эксплуатационных требований
    Basic Operational Requirements Group
    развертка по дальности
    range scanning
    разворачивать по ветру
    turn downwind
    разворот по приборам
    instrument turn
    разворот по стандартной схеме
    standard rate turn
    разворот по установленной схеме
    procedure turn
    разница в тарифах по классам
    class differential
    разрешающая способность по дальности
    range resolution
    разрешение в процессе полета по маршруту
    en-route clearance
    разрешение на полет по приборам
    instrument clearance
    распределение давления по крылу
    wing pressure plotting
    распределение по размаху крыла
    spanwise distribution
    распределение по хорде
    chordwise distribution
    распределение расходов по маршрутам
    cost allocation to routes
    расстояние по ортодромии
    great-circle distance
    реакция по крену
    roll response
    регламентирование по времени
    timing
    регулировать по высоте
    adjust for height
    режим работы автопилота по заданному курсу
    autopilot heading mode
    рейс с обслуживанием по первому классу
    first-class flight
    рекомендации по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    safety recommendations
    рекомендации по стандартам, практике и правилам
    recommendations for standards, practices and procedures
    руководство по обеспечению безопасности
    safety regulations
    руководство по полетам воздушных судов гражданской авиации
    civil air regulations
    руководство по предупреждению столкновений над морем
    regulations for preventing collisions over sea
    руководство по производству полетов в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome rules
    руководство по технической эксплуатации воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance guide
    руководство по управлению полетами
    flight control fundamentals
    руководство по упрощению формальностей
    guide to facilitation
    руление по аэродрому
    ground taxi operation
    руление по воздуху
    air taxiing
    руление по воздуху к месту взлета
    aerial taxiing to takeoff
    рыскание по курсу
    hunting
    сбор за услуги по оценке
    valuation charge
    сводка по аэродрому
    aerodrome report
    сводка погоды по данным радиолокационного наблюдения
    radar weather report
    связь по запросу с борта
    air-initiated communication
    связь по обеспечению регулярности полетов
    flight regularity communication
    сдвиг по фазе
    phase shift
    сектор наведения по клиренсу
    clearance guidance sector
    Секция расчетов по вопросам технической помощи
    Technical Assistance Accounts section
    (ИКАО) Секция расчетов по регулярной программе
    Regular Programme Accounts section
    (ИКАО) сертификат воздушного судна по шуму
    aircraft noise certificate
    сертификационный стандарт по шуму
    noise certification standard
    сертификация по шуму на взлетном режиме
    take-off noise
    сигнал полета по курсу
    on-course signal
    сигнал синхронизации по времени
    synchronized time signal
    система балансировки по числу М
    Mach trim system
    система блокировки управления по положению реверса
    thrust reverser interlock system
    система наведения по лучу
    1. beam-rider system
    2. guide beam system система наведения по приборам
    instrument guidance system
    система наведения по сканирующему лучу
    scanning beam guidance system
    система наведения по углу
    angle guidance system
    система навигации по наземным ориентирам
    ground-referenced navigation system
    система посадки по лучу маяка
    beam approach beacon system
    система посадки по приборам
    instrument landing system
    система сборов по фактической массе
    weight system
    (багажа или груза) скольжение по воде
    equaplaning
    скорость набора высоты при полете по маршруту
    en-route climb speed
    скорость по тангажу
    rate of pitch
    следовать по заданному курсу
    pursue
    служба обеспечения прогнозами по маршруту
    route forecast service
    служба по изучению рынка
    marketing service
    (воздушных перевозок) снижение по спирали
    spiral descent
    снос определенный по радиолокатору
    radar drift
    советник по авиационным вопросам
    aviation adviser
    советник по вопросам гражданской авиации
    civil aviation adviser
    советник по проектированию и строительству аэродромов
    aerodrome engineering instructor
    Совет по авиационным спутникам
    Aeronautical Satellite Council
    Совместный комитет по специальным грузовым тарифам
    Joint service Commodity Rates Board
    соглашение по вопросам летной годности
    arrangement for airworthiness
    соглашение по пассажирским и грузовым тарифам
    fares and rates agreement
    соглашение по прямому транзиту
    direct transit agreement
    соглашение по тарифам
    tariff agreement
    состояние готовности аэродрома по тревоге
    aerodrome alert status
    (состояние готовности служб аэродрома по тревоге) специализированный отдел по расследованию происшествий
    accident investigation division
    специалист по ремонту
    repairman
    специалист по ремонту воздушных судов
    aircraft repairman
    специалист по сборке
    rigger
    справочник по аэродромам
    aerodrome directory
    справочник по аэропортам
    airport directory
    средства обеспечения полетов по приборам
    nonvisual aids
    стандартная система управления заходом на посадку по лучу
    standard beam approach system
    стандартная схема вылета по приборам
    standard instrument departure
    стандартная схема посадки по приборам
    standard instrument arrival
    стандарт по шуму для дозвуковых самолетов
    subsonic noise standard
    степень помех по отношению к несущей частоте
    carrier-to-noise ratio
    строить по лицензии
    construct under license
    схема визуального полета по кругу
    visual circling procedure
    схема захода на посадку по командам с земли
    ground-controlled approach procedure
    схема захода на посадку по коробочке
    rectangular approach traffic pattern
    схема захода на посадку по приборам
    1. instrument approach chart
    2. instrument approach procedure схема полета по кругу
    1. circuit pattern
    2. circling procedure схема полета по маршруту
    en-route procedure
    схема полета по приборам
    instrument flight procedure
    схема полета по приборам в зоне ожидания
    instrument holding procedure
    схема полетов по кругу
    traffic circuit
    схема руления по аэродрому
    aerodrome taxi circuit
    тарировка по времени
    time calibration
    тарировка по дальности
    range calibration
    тарировка по числу М
    Mach number calibration
    тариф на полет по замкнутому кругу
    round trip fare
    тариф по контракту
    contract rate
    тариф по незамкнутому круговому маршруту
    open-jaw fare
    температура по шкале Цельсия
    Celsius temperature
    точность ориентировки по точечному ориентиру
    pinpoint accuracy
    траектория взлета, сертифицированная по шуму
    noise certification takeoff flight path
    траектория захода на посадку по азимуту
    azimuth approach path
    траектория захода на посадку по лучу курсового маяка
    localizer approach track
    траектория захода на посадку, сертифицированная по шуму
    noise certification approach path
    траектория полета по маршруту
    en-route flight path
    траектория полетов по низким минимумам погоды
    low weather minima path
    транспортировка по воздуху
    shipment by air
    трансформатор сигнала по крену
    roll transformer
    трансформатор сигнала по курсу
    yaw transformer
    трафарет с инструкцией по применению
    instruction plate
    требования по метеоусловиям
    meteorological requirements
    требования по ограничению высоты препятствий
    obstacle limitation requirements
    требования по снижению шума
    noise reduction requirements
    тренажер для подготовки к полетам по приборам
    instrument flight trainer
    тяга, регулируемая по величине и направлению
    vectored thrust
    угол рассогласования по крену
    bank synchro error angle
    удостоверение на право полета по авиалинии
    airline certificate
    удостоверение на право полета по приборам
    instrument certificate
    указания по выполнению руления
    taxi instruction
    указания по порядку ожидания
    holding instruction
    указания по управлению воздушным движением
    air-traffic control instruction
    указания по условиям эксплуатации в полете
    inflight operational instructions
    указатель отклонения от курса по радиомаяку
    localizer deviation pointer
    уполномоченный по расследованию
    investigator-in-charge
    управление по крену
    1. roll guidance
    2. roll control управление по угловому отклонению
    angular position control
    управление по углу рыскания
    yaw control
    управляемый по радио
    radio-controlled
    условия по заданному маршруту
    conditions on the route
    условия, по сложности превосходящие квалификацию пилота
    conditions beyond the experience
    условия сертификационных испытаний по шуму
    noise certification test conditions
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
    align the aircraft with the center line
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
    align the aircraft with the runway
    установленная схема вылета по приборам
    standard instrument departure chart
    установленная схема полета по кругу
    fixed circuit
    установленная схема ухода на второй круг по приборам
    instrument missed procedure
    устойчивость по крену
    1. rolling stability
    2. lateral stability устойчивость по скорости
    speed stability
    устойчивость по тангажу
    1. pitching stability
    2. pitch stability устойчивость по углу атаки
    angle-of-attack stability
    уточнение плана полета по сведениям, полученным в полете
    inflight operational planning
    уходить на второй круг по заданной схеме
    take a missed-approach procedure
    уход платформы по курсу
    platform drift in azimuth
    фирма по производству воздушных судов
    aircraft company
    флюгирование по отрицательному крутящему моменту
    negative torque feathering
    характеристика набора высоты при полете по маршруту
    en-route climb performance
    характеристика по наддуву
    manifold pressure characteristic
    характеристики наведения по линии пути
    track-defining characteristics
    характеристики по шуму
    noise characteristics
    чартерный рейс по заказу отдельной организации
    single-entity charter
    чартерный рейс по незамкнутому маршруту
    open-jaw charter
    чартерный рейс по объявленной программе
    programmed charter
    чартерный рейс по установленному маршруту
    on-route charter
    чувствительность к отклонению по сигналам курсового маяка
    lokalizer displacement sensitivity
    чувствительность по давлению
    pressure sensitivity
    чувствительность по курсу
    course sensitivity
    шкала корректировки по тангажу
    pitch trim scale
    шкала отклонения от курса по радиомаяку
    localizer deviation scale
    школа подготовки специалистов по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic school
    экзамен по летной подготовке
    flight examination
    экспедитор по отправке грузов
    freight consolidator
    эксперт по вопросам ведения документации
    procedures document expert
    эксперт по контролю за качеством
    quality control expert
    эксперт по летной годности
    airworthiness expert
    эксперт по обслуживанию воздушного движения
    air traffic services expert
    эксперт по обучению пилотов
    pilot training expert
    эксперт по производству налетов
    flight operations expert
    эксперт по радиолокаторам
    radar expert
    эксперт по техническому обслуживанию
    maintenance expert
    этап полета по маршруту
    en-route flight phase
    эшелонирование по курсу
    track separation
    эшелонирование по усмотрению пилота
    own separation
    эшелонировать по высоте
    stack up

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > по

  • 14 tai

    ocean, sea (often used without an article); he-turu au ki tai hopu, I am going down to the sea to bathe.
    to be calm, good for fishing: he tai. There exists a surprisingly developed terminology for distinguishing the phases of the tides:
    tai pâpaku, low tide;
    ku-gúgú-á te tai, tide at his lowest, literally "the sea has dried up";
    he-ranu te tai, when the water starts rising again; this is a strange expression, since ranu means "amniotic liquid," the breaking of the waters which precedes birth; in this phase of the tides the fish start coming out of their hiding places and swim to the coast in search of food;
    tai hahati, rising tide
    tai hini hahati, tide as it continues rising.
    tai u'a, tai u'a parera, when the tide has reached its high.
    tai hini u'a, tide all throughout its full phase.
    tai hori, tide as it starts receding.
    tai ma'u, tide during its decreasing phase, right until it becomes tai pâpaku again.
    tai raurau a riki. the slight swell, or effervescence of the sea at a change or the moon.
    good spot for raising chickens; the stone chicken coops called hare moa, were built in places "tai moa". Ahé te tai o taau moa? whereabouts are the raising grounds of your chickens?
    song in general; song executed by a group of singers; ku-garo-ana i a au te kupu o te tai, I have forgotten the words of the song.

    Rapanui-English dictionary > tai

  • 15 da

    tempo since
    viene da Roma he comes from Rome
    sono da mio fratello I'm at my brother's (place)
    ero da loro I was at their place
    passo da Firenze I'm going via Florence
    vado dal medico I'm going to the doctor's
    da ieri since yesterday
    da oggi in poi from now on, starting from today
    da bambino as a child
    I'ho fatto da me I did it myself
    qualcosa da mangiare something to eat
    francobollo da 1000 lire 1000 lire stamp
    dai capelli grigi with grey hair
    * * *
    da prep.
    1 ( moto da luogo, origine, provenienza) from (anche fig.): da dove vieni?, where do you come from? (o where are you from?); l'aereo da Roma arriva alle 7.50, the plane from Rome arrives at 7.50; da che binario parte il treno per Parigi?, which platforms does the Paris train leave from?; vengo adesso dall'ospedale, I've just come from the hospital; sostammo a Roma e da lì proseguimmo per Napoli, we called at Rome and from there went on to Naples; si sono trasferiti da Milano a Firenze, they moved from Milan to Florence; la macchina veniva da destra, the car was coming from the right; ''Da dove provenivano gli spari?'' ''Dall'interno dell'edificio'', ''Where did the shots come from?'' ''From inside the building''; la porta si apriva dall'esterno, the door opened from the outside // fuori da, ( moto da luogo) out of; ( stato in luogo) outside: guardava ( fuori) dalla finestra, she was looking out of the window; tolse dalla tasca il portafoglio, he took his wallet out of his pocket; c'era una gran folla fuori dal teatro, there was a big crowd outside the theatre // Sant'Antonio da Padova, St. Anthony of Padua; Francesca da Rimini, Francesca of Rimini // da... a, from... to; la catena appenninica attraversa l'Italia da nord a sud, the Apennines cross Italy from north to south; contare da 1 a 100, to count from 1 to 100; dalla A alla Z, from A to Z
    2 ( distanza, separazione, distacco) from (anche fig.): da qui al mare c'è mezzora di macchina, it takes half an hour by car from here to the coast; Firenze dista da Roma circa 300 chilometri, Florence is about 300 kilometres from Rome; le Alpi separano l'Italia dalla Francia, the Alps separate Italy from France; vive separato dalla famiglia, he lives apart from his family; non riuscivano a staccarlo da sua madre, they were unable to get him away from his mother
    3 ( allontanamento, assenza) away (from): la prossima settimana sarò via da Milano per affari, next week I shall be away from Milan on business; era assente da scuola per malattia, she was away from school due to illness; non ama stare lontano da casa, he doesn't like being away from home; tenetevi lontano dai binari, keep away from the railtracks
    4 ( moto a luogo) to: porteremo i bambini dai nonni per Natale, we'll take the children to their grandparents' for Christmas; venite da noi a colazione?, will you come to us for lunch?; devo andare dal dentista alle 3, I have to go to the dentist's at 3 o'clock
    5 ( stato in luogo) at: dal macellaio, dal parrucchiere, at the butcher's, at the hairdresser's; è da sua madre in questo momento, she's at her mother's now; mi fermerò a dormire da un amico, I'm going to stay at a friend's house; abbiamo cenato da Mario, we had dinner at Mario's // si veste da Dior, she is dressed by Dior (o she wears Dior clothes) // da noi si usa così, we do it this way
    6 ( moto per luogo) through: se passi da Bergamo, vieni a trovarci, if you're passing through Bergamo, come and see us; non trovavo le chiavi e sono entrato dalla finestra, I could not find my keys so I got in through the window; l'acqua è filtrata dal tetto, water leaked through the roof; il pianoforte non passa dalla porta, the piano won't go through the door; entra aria dalle fessure, there's a draught coming in through the cracks
    7 ( agente, causa efficiente, con il verbo al passivo) by: la città fu completamente distrutta dal terremoto, the town was completely destroyed by the earthquake; essere colpito da virus, to be infected by a virus; 'Marcovaldo' è stato scritto da Calvino, 'Marcovaldo' was written by Calvino; il progetto sarà realizzato da architetti italiani, the plan will be carried out by Italian architects
    8 ( causa) for, with: tremare dal freddo, to shiver with cold; era pallido dalla paura, he was pale with fear; fare i salti dalla gioia, to jump for joy; non riusciva a tenere gli occhi aperti dal sonno, she couldn't keep her eyes open for tiredness
    9 ( durata nel tempo) for: vivo a Palermo da oltre un anno, I've been living in Palermo for over a year; ''Da quanto tempo studi il tedesco?'' ''Da sei mesi'', ''How long have you been studying German?'' ''For six months''; lo aspetto da due ore, I've been waiting for him for two hours; lo conosco da vent'anni, I've known him for twenty years; non piove da parecchi mesi, it hasn't rained for several months; Cara Lucia, scusa se non ti scrivo da tanto tempo..., Dear Lucy, sorry I haven't written for so long... // da secoli, da un'eternità, for ages
    10 ( decorrenza) since ( riferito al tempo passato); (as) from ( riferito al presente o al futuro): insegna dal 1980, he has been teaching since 1980; sono passati più di due secoli dalla Rivoluzione Francese, over two centuries have passed since the French Revolution; da prima della guerra, since before the war; da allora, since then; lavoro dalle otto di stamattina, I've been working since 8 o'clock this morning; non mangia da ieri, he hasn't eaten since yesterday; è da Natale che non abbiamo sue notizie, we haven't heard from him since Christmas; da quel giorno non ci siamo più visti, we haven't seen each other since that day; dall'ultima sua telefonata sono passati due mesi, it's two months since she last phoned; da quando è rimasto senza lavoro, non è più lui, he hasn't been the same since he lost his job; dal primo di luglio, il mio indirizzo sarà..., as from July 1st, my address will be...; da aprile a settembre..., from April to September...; qui le rose fioriscono da maggio a novembre, roses bloom here from May to November // da ieri, since yesterday // da oggi in poi, from today onwards // ( a partire) da domani, (as) from tomorrow // sin dalla sua infanzia, since (s)he was a child // a tre giorni dal suo arrivo, three days after his arrival // cieco dalla nascita, blind from birth
    11 ( modo) like: comportati da uomo, behave like a man; vivere da re, to live like a king; ti ho trattato da amico, I've treated you like a friend; ha agito da perfetto mascalzone, he behaved like a real scoundrel; da buon italiano, adora gli spaghetti, like a true Italian, he loves spaghetti // non è da te arrendersi al primo insuccesso, it's unlike you to give up so easily
    12 ( stato, condizione) as: da bambino, as a child; ti parlo da medico, I'm talking to you as a doctor; da giovane, as a young man; lasciamoci da buoni amici, let's part as friends // che cosa farai da grande?, what are you going to be, when you grow up?
    13 ( qualità, caratteristica, valore): un francobollo da 0,62 euro, a 62 euro cent stamp; una banconota da 5 euro, a five-euro note; un brillante da 100.000 euro, a 100,000-euro diamond; una lampadina da 40 watt, a 40-watt light bulb; una domanda da un milione di dollari, a million-dollar question; un palazzo dalla facciata neo-classica, a building with a neo-classical façade // è un uomo da poco, he isn't worth much // una faccia da schiaffi, a brazen face
    14 ( uso, determinazione, scopo): rete da pesca, fishing net; occhiali da sole, sunglasses; ferro da stiro, iron; spazzolino da denti, toothbrush; carta da macero, scrap paper; macchina da scrivere, typewriter ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, nei significati 13 e 14 sono spesso usate forme aggettivali in luogo del compl. introdotto dalla prep. da
    15 ( limitazione) in: cieco da un occhio, blind in one eye; sordo da un orecchio, deaf in one ear
    16 ( per indicare trasformazione, mutamento) from: passare dallo stato liquido allo stato gassoso, to change from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase; da impiegato è diventato dirigente, from being an ordinary employee he has become a director; da piccola azienda sono diventati un complesso industriale a livello mondiale, from small beginnings they have become a worldwide organization; sfumature dal rosso all'arancio, shades from red to orange
    17 (con valore consecutivo, spesso in correlazione con così, tanto, talmente): non è tipo da arrendersi facilmente, he isn't the sort to give up easily; non sarai tanto sciocco da rifiutare una simile offerta!, you won't be so silly as to refuse such an offer, will you?; erano così assorti nel gioco da non accorgersi della nostra presenza, they were so wrapped up in their game that they didn't notice we were there
    18 ( secondo, in base a) by, from: l'ho riconosciuto dalla voce, I recognized him by his voice; da un'attenta analisi è risultato che..., from a careful analysis it turns out that...; da quello che si legge sui giornali..., from what you read in the newspapers...
    19 (seguito da un verbo all'inf., per esprimere fine, necessità o dovere) to (+ inf.): vorrei un bel libro da leggere, I'd like a good book to read; avete camere da affittare?, have you any rooms to let?; vuoi qualcosa da bere?, will you have something to drink?; non c'è un attimo da perdere, there isn't a moment to lose; hai molto da fare?, have you much to do?; era un rischio da correre, it was a risk we had to run // una commedia ( tutta) da ridere, a hilarious comedy.
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: da parte, aside (o apart) // da capo → daccapo // da capo a piedi, from head to toe // dall'inizio alla fine, from start to finish // dal primo all'ultimo, from first to last // dall'inizio, from the beginning // da basso, downstairs // da dentro, from within // da fuori, from outside // da lontano, from afar // da vicino, from nearby // copia dal vero, real life copy // da solo, da sé, by oneself // chi fa da sé fa per tre, (prov.) if you want a job doing, do it yourself.
    * * *
    [da]
    preposizione (artcl. dal, dallo, dalla, dall'; pl. dai, da' ant., dagli, dalle)
    1) (moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, distanza) from

    viene, arriva da Taiwan — he's from Taiwan

    dalla finestra si vede... — from the window, one can see...

    2) (moto per luogo) through

    per andare a Roma passo da Firenze — to get to Rome, I go via o by o through Florence

    da qcn. — (a casa di) at sb.'s (place)

    dal dottore, dal barbiere — at the doctor's, barber's

    "da Mario" — (su un'insegna) "Mario's"

    abito qui dal 1° maggio — I've been living here since 1 t May

    7) da... a from... to
    8) (complemento d'agente, di causa efficiente, mezzo) by
    9) (causa) with, for
    10) (fine, scopo, utilizzo)
    11) (valore, misura)

    un uomo dai capelli scuri, dagli occhi verdi — a dark-haired, green-eyed man, a man with dark hair, green eyes

    13) (come) like; (nella funzione di, con il ruolo di) as

    dare da bere a qcn. — to give sb. a drink

    * * *
    da
    /da/
    (artcl. dal, dallo, dalla, dall'; pl. dai, da' ant., dagli, dalle)
     1 (moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, distanza) from; il treno da Roma the train from Rome; da dove vieni? where are you from? viene, arriva da Taiwan he's from Taiwan; dalla finestra si vede... from the window, one can see...; arrivare da destra to come from the right; non è lontano da qui it's not far from here; a due chilometri dal mare two kilometres from the seaside
     2 (moto per luogo) through; passare da Milano to pass through Milan; per andare a Roma passo da Firenze to get to Rome, I go via o by o through Florence; passare dalla finestra to pass through the window
     3 (stato in luogo) at; da qcn. (a casa di) at sb.'s (place); dal dottore, dal barbiere at the doctor's, barber's; "da Mario" (su un'insegna) "Mario's"
     4 (moto a luogo) andare dal dottore to go to the doctor's; vado da Isa I'm going to Isa's
     5 (tempo) (inizio) since; da allora since then; sono qui da lunedì I've been here since Monday; abito qui dal 1° maggio I've been living here since 1st May; da quando siamo arrivati ever since we arrived
     6 (tempo) (durata) for; da due ore for two hours; studio inglese da due anni I've studied English for two years; non si vedevano da 6 anni they hadn't seen each other for 6 years
     7 da... a from... to; da destra a sinistra from right to left; da martedì a sabato from Tuesday to Saturday; lavorare dalle 9 alle 5 to work from 9 till o to 5
     8 (complemento d'agente, di causa efficiente, mezzo) by; scritto da Poe written by Poe; rispettato da tutti respected by all; la riconosco dalla camminata I know her by her walk
     9 (causa) with, for; tremare dal freddo to shiver with cold; sbellicarsi dalle risa to scream with laughter; saltare dalla gioia to jump for joy
     10 (fine, scopo, utilizzo) cappello da cowboy cowboy hat; abito da sera evening dress
     11 (valore, misura) una banconota da dieci sterline a ten-pound note; una lampadina da 60 watt a 60-watt light bulb
     12 (qualità) un uomo dai capelli scuri, dagli occhi verdi a dark-haired, green-eyed man, a man with dark hair, green eyes
     13 (come) like; (nella funzione di, con il ruolo di) as; te lo dico da amico I'll tell you as a friend; travestirsi da pirata to dress up as a pirate; comportarsi da vigliacco to act like a coward; non è da lui it's not like him o unlike him; da bambino giocavo a calcio when I was a child I used to play football
     14 (limitazione) in; cieco da un occhio blind in one eye
     15 (davanti a verbo all'infinito) non ho più niente da dire I have nothing more to say; c'è ancora molto da fare a lot remains to be done; la casa è da affittare the house is to let; dare da bere a qcn. to give sb. a drink
     16 (con valore consecutivo) essere così ingenuo da fare to be foolish enough to do; saresti così gentile da fare would you be so kind as to do.
    \
    See also notes... (da.pdf)

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > da

  • 16 в

    аварийная ситуация в полете
    in-flight emergency
    аварийное табло в кабине экипажа
    cabin emergency light
    аварийный клапан сброса давления в системе кондиционирования
    conditioned air emergency valve
    автоматическая информация в районе аэродрома
    automatic terminal information
    автомат тяги в системе автопилота
    autopilot auto throttle
    аэровокзал в форме полумесяца
    crescent-shaped terminal
    аэродинамическая труба для испытаний на сваливание в штопор
    spin wind tunnel
    аэродинамическая труба для испытания моделей в натуральную величину
    full-scale wind tunnel
    балансировка в горизонтальном полете
    horizontal trim
    балансировка в полете
    operational trim
    безопасная дистанция в полете
    in-flight safe distance
    билет в одном направлении
    one-way ticket
    билет на полет в одном направлении
    single ticket
    боковой обзор в полете
    sideway inflight view
    в аварийной обстановке
    in emergency
    введение в вираж
    banking
    введение в действие пассажирских и грузовых тарифов
    fares and rates enforcement
    ввод в эксплуатацию
    introduction into service
    вводить воздушное судно в крен
    roll in the aircraft
    вводить в штопор
    put into the spin
    вводить в эксплуатацию
    1. go into service
    2. come into operation 3. place in service 4. enter service 5. introduce into service 6. put in service 7. put in operation вводить шестерни в зацепление
    mesh gears
    в воздухе
    1. up
    2. aloft вентилятор в кольцевом обтекателе
    duct fan
    вертолет в режиме висения
    hovering helicopter
    верхний обзор в полете
    upward inflight view
    ветер в верхних слоях атмосферы
    1. upper wind
    2. aloft wind ветер в направлении курса полета
    tailwind
    в заданном диапазоне
    within the range
    в западном направлении
    westward
    взлет в условиях плохой видимости
    low visibility takeoff
    в зоне влияния земли
    in ground effect
    в зоне действия луча
    on the beam
    видимость в полете
    flight visibility
    видимость в пределах допуска
    marginal visibility
    видимость у земли в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome ground visibility
    визуальная оценка расстояния в полете
    distance assessment
    визуальный контакт в полете
    flight visual contact
    визуальный ориентир в полете
    flight visual cue
    в интересах безопасности
    in interests of safety
    висение в зоне влияния земли
    hovering in the ground effect
    вихрь в направлении линии полета
    line vortex
    в конце участка
    at the end of segment
    (полета) в конце хода
    at the end of stroke
    (поршня) в конце цикла
    at the end of
    в начале участка
    at the start of segment
    (полета) в начале цикла
    at the start of cycle
    в обратном направлении
    backward
    в ожидании разрешения
    pending clearance
    возвращаться в пункт вылета
    fly back
    воздух в пограничном слое
    boundary-layer air
    воздух в турбулентном состоянии
    rough air
    воздухозаборник в нижней части фюзеляжа
    belly intake
    воздушная обстановка в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome air picture
    воздушное судно в зоне ожидания
    holding aircraft
    воздушное судно в полете
    1. making way aircraft
    2. aircraft on flight 3. in-flight aircraft воздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полете
    receiver aircraft
    воздушное судно, занесенное в реестр
    aircraft on register
    воздушное судно, находящееся в воздухе
    airborne aircraft
    воздушное судно, находящееся в эксплуатации владельца
    owner-operated aircraft
    воздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощи
    aircraft requiring assistance
    воздушное судно, прибывающее в конечный аэропорт
    terminating aircraft
    в подветренную сторону
    alee
    в поле зрения
    in sight
    в пределах
    within the frame of
    в процессе взлета
    during takeoff
    в процессе полета
    1. while in flight
    2. in flight в процессе руления
    while taxiing
    в рабочем состоянии
    operational
    в режиме
    in mode
    в режиме большого шага
    in coarse pitch
    в режиме готовности
    in alert
    в режиме малого шага
    in fine pitch
    в режиме самоориентирования
    when castoring
    время в рейсе
    1. chock-to-chock time
    2. ramp-to-ramp time 3. block-to-block hours 4. block-to-block time 5. ramp-to-ramp hours время налета в ночных условиях
    night flying time
    время налета в часах
    hour's flying time
    время фактического нахождения в воздухе
    actual airborne time
    в ряд
    abreast
    в случае задержки
    in the case of delay
    в случае происшествия
    in the event of a mishap
    в случая отказа
    in the event of malfunction
    в соответствии с техническими условиями
    in conformity with the specifications
    в состоянии бедствия
    in distress
    в состоянии готовности
    when under way
    в условиях обтекания
    airflow conditions
    в хвостовой части
    1. abaft
    2. aft вход в зону аэродрома
    1. entry into the aerodrome zone
    2. inward flight входить в глиссаду
    gain the glide path
    входить в зону глиссады
    reach the glide path
    входить в круг движения
    enter the traffic circuit
    входить в облачность
    enter clouds
    входить в разворот
    1. roll into the turn
    2. initiate the turn 3. enter the turn входить в условия
    penetrate conditions
    входить в штопор
    enter the spin
    входить в этап выравнивания
    entry into the flare
    вхожу в круг
    on the upwind leg
    в целях безопасности
    for reasons of safety
    выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
    hold over the aids
    выполнять полет в определенных условиях
    fly under conditions
    выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
    hold over the beacon
    выполнять установленный порядок действий в аварийной ситуации
    execute an emergency procedure
    выравнивание в линию горизонта
    levelling-off
    выравнивание при входе в створ ВПП
    runway alignment
    высота в зоне ожидания
    holding altitude
    высота в кабине
    cabin pressure
    высота плоскости ограничения препятствий в зоне взлета
    takeoff surface level
    высота полета в зоне ожидания
    holding flight level
    высотомер, показания которого выведены в ответчик
    squawk altimeter
    выход в равносигнальную зону
    bracketing
    в эксплуатации
    in service
    в эксплуатацию
    in operation
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerate in the flight
    головокружение при полете в сплошной облачности
    cloud vertigo
    горизонт, видимый в полете
    in-flight apparent horizon
    господство в воздухе
    air supremacy
    граница высот повторного запуска в полете
    inflight restart envelope
    грубая ошибка в процессе полета
    in flight blunder
    груз, сброшенный в полете
    jettisoned load in flight
    давление в аэродинамической трубе
    wind-tunnel pressure
    давление в кабине
    cabin pressure
    давление в невозмущенном потоке
    undisturbed pressure
    давление в свободном потоке
    free-stream pressure
    давление в системе подачи топлива
    fuel supply pressure
    давление в системе стояночного тормоза
    perking pressure
    давление в скачке уплотнения
    shock pressure
    давление в спутной струе
    wake pressure
    давление в топливном баке
    tank pressure
    давление в тормозной системе
    brake pressure
    давление в точке отбора
    tapping pressure
    давление на входе в воздухозаборник
    air intake pressure
    дальность видимости в полете
    flight visual range
    дальность полета в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight range
    данные в узлах координатной сетки
    grid-point data
    данные о результатах испытания в воздухе
    air data
    двигатель, расположенный в крыле
    in-wing mounted
    двигатель, установленный в мотогондоле
    naccele-mounted engine
    двигатель, установленный в отдельной гондоле
    podded engine
    двигатель, установленный в фюзеляже
    in-board engine
    движение в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic
    движение в зоне аэропорта
    airport traffic
    действия в момент касания ВПП
    touchdown operations
    делать отметку в свидетельстве
    endorse the license
    делитель потока в заборном устройстве
    inlet splitter
    держать шарик в центре
    keep the ball centered
    дозаправка топливом в полете
    air refuelling
    дозаправлять топливом в полете
    refuel in flight
    допуск к работе в качестве пилота
    act as a pilot authority
    доставка пассажиров в аэропорт вылета
    pickup service
    единый тариф на полет в двух направлениях
    two-way fare
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    gain the air supremacy
    задатчик высоты в кабине
    cabin altitude selector
    задержка в базовом аэропорту
    terminal delay
    зал таможенного досмотра в аэропорту
    airport customs room
    замер в полете
    inflight measurement
    заносить воздушное судно в реестр
    enter the aircraft
    запись вибрации в полете
    inflight vibration recording
    запись в формуляре
    log book entry
    запись переговоров в кабине экипажа
    cockpit voice recording
    запускать воздушное судно в производство
    put the aircraft into production
    запускать двигатель в полете
    restart the engine in flight
    запуск в воздухе
    1. air starting
    2. airstart запуск в полете
    inflight starting
    запуск в полете без включения стартера
    inflight nonassisted starting
    запуск в режиме авторотации
    windmill starting
    заход на посадку в режиме планирования
    gliding approach
    заход на посадку в условиях ограниченной видимости
    low-visibility approach
    зона движения в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic zone
    изменение направления ветра в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome wind shift
    измерение шума в процессе летных испытаний
    flight test noise measurement
    иметь место в полете
    be experienced in flight
    имитация в полете
    inflight simulation
    имитация полета в натуральных условиях
    full-scale flight
    индекс опознавания в коде ответчика
    squawk ident
    индикатор обстановки в вертикальной плоскости
    vertical-situation indicator
    инструктаж при аварийной обстановке в полете
    inflight emergency instruction
    искусственные сооружения в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome culture
    испытание в аэродинамической трубе
    wind-tunnel test
    испытание в воздухе
    air trial
    испытание в гидроканале
    towing basing test
    испытание в двухмерном потоке
    two-dimensional flow test
    испытание вертолета в условиях снежного и пыльного вихрей
    rotocraft snow and dust test
    испытание воздушного судна в термобарокамере
    aircraft environmental test
    испытание в реальных условиях
    direct test
    испытание в режиме висения
    hovering test
    испытание в свободном полете
    free-flight test
    испытание двигателя в полете
    inflight engine test
    испытания в барокамере
    altitude-chamber test
    испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
    flight stress measurement tests
    испытываемый в полете
    under flight test
    испытывать в полете
    test in flight
    исследование конфликтной ситуации в воздушном движении
    air conflict search
    канал в ступице турбины
    turbine bore
    канал передачи данных в полете
    flight data link
    карта особых явлений погоды в верхних слоях атмосферы
    high level significant weather chart
    кнопка запуска двигателя в воздухе
    flight restart button
    кок винта в сборе
    cone assy
    компенсация за отказ в перевозке
    denied boarding compensation
    компоновка кресел в салоне первого класса
    first-class seating
    компоновка кресел в салоне смешанного класса
    mixed-class seating
    компоновка кресел в салоне туристического класса
    economy-class seating
    компоновка приборной доски в кабине экипажа
    cockpit panel layout
    контракт на обслуживание в аэропорту
    airport handling contract
    контроль в зоне
    area watch
    контур уровня шума в районе аэропорта
    airport noise contour
    концевой выключатель в системе воздушного судна
    aircraft limit switch
    кривая в полярной системе координат
    polar curve
    крутящий момент воздушного винта в режиме авторотации
    propeller windmill torque
    курс в зоне ожидания
    holding course
    летать в курсовом режиме
    fly heading mode
    летать в режиме бреющего полета
    fly at a low level
    летать в светлое время суток
    fly by day
    летать в строю
    fly in formation
    летать в темное время суток
    fly at night
    летать по приборам в процессе тренировок
    fly under screen
    лететь в северном направлении
    fly northbound
    летная подготовка в условиях, приближенных к реальным
    line oriental flight training
    линия руления воздушного судна в зоне стоянки
    aircraft stand taxilane
    люк в крыле
    wing manhole
    маневр в полете
    inflight manoeuvre
    маршрут перехода в эшелона на участок захода на посадку
    feeder route
    маршрут полета в направлении от вторичных радиосредств
    track from secondary radio facility
    меры безопасности в полете
    flight safety precautions
    метеоусловия в пределах допуска
    marginal weather
    механизм для создания условий полета в нестабильной атмосфере
    rough air mechanism
    механизм открытия защелки в полете
    mechanical flight release latch
    мешать обзору в полете
    obscure inflight view
    набор высоты в крейсерском режиме
    cruise climb
    навигация в зоне подхода
    approach navigation
    нагрузка в полете
    flight load
    нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
    flight control load
    надежность в полете
    inflight reliability
    направление в сторону подъема
    up-slope direction
    направление в сторону уклона
    down-slope direction
    направляющийся в
    bound for
    наработка в часах
    1. running hours
    2. endurance hours на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
    on the eastbound leg
    необходимые меры предосторожности в полете
    flight reasonable precautions
    неожиданное препятствие в полете
    hidden flight hazard
    неправильно оцененное расстояние в полете
    misjudged flight distance
    неправильно принятое в полете решение
    improper in-flight decision
    нижний обзор в полете
    downward inflight view
    носитель информации в виде металлической ленты
    metal tape medium
    носитель информации в виде пластиковой пленки
    plastic tape medium
    носитель информации в виде фольги
    engraved foil medium
    носитель информации в виде фотопленки
    photographic paper medium
    обзор в полете
    inflight view
    оборудование для полетов в темное время суток
    night-flying equipment
    обслуживание в процессе стоянки
    standing operation
    обслуживание пассажиров в городском аэровокзале
    city-terminal coach service
    обучение в процессе полетов
    flying training
    объем воздушных перевозка в тоннах груза
    airlift tonnage
    обязанности экипажа в аварийной обстановке
    crew emergency duty
    обязательно к выполнению в соответствии со статьей
    be compulsory Article
    ограничения, указанные в свидетельстве
    license limitations
    ожидание в процессе полета
    hold en-route
    опознавание в полете
    aerial identification
    опробование систем управления в кабине экипажа
    cockpit drill
    опыт работы в авиации
    aeronautical experience
    органы управления в кабине экипажа
    flight compartment controls
    осадки в виде крупных хлопьев снега
    snow grains precipitation
    осадки в виде ледяных крупинок
    ice pellets precipitation
    ослабление видимости в атмосфере
    atmospheric attenuation
    ослабление сигналов в атмосфере
    atmospheric loss
    ослаблять давление в пневматике
    deflate the tire
    осмотр в конце рабочего дня
    daily inspection
    особые меры в полете
    in-flight extreme care
    оставаться в горизонтальном положении
    remain level
    отводить воздух в атмосферу
    discharge air overboard
    отказ в перевозке
    1. denial of carriage
    2. denied boarding 3. bumping отработка действий на случай аварийной обстановки в аэропорту
    aerodrome emergency exercise
    отражатель в механизме реверса тяги
    power reversal ejector
    отсутствие ветра в районе
    aerodrome calm
    оценка пилотом ситуации в полете
    pilot judgement
    ошибка в настройке
    alignment error
    падение в перевернутом положении
    tip-over fall
    парить в воздухе
    sail
    перебои в зажигании
    misfire
    перебои в работе двигателя
    1. rough engine operations
    2. engine trouble переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    put the aircraft over
    перевозка с оплатой в кредит
    collect transportation
    передача в пункте стыковки авиарейсов
    interline transfer
    передвижной диспетчерский пункт в районе ВПП
    runway control van
    передний обзор в полете
    forward inflight view
    переход в режим горизонтального полета
    puchover
    переходить в режим набора высоты
    entry into climb
    повторный запуск в полете
    flight restart
    подача топлива в систему воздушного судна
    aircraft fuel supply
    подниматься в воздух
    ago aloft
    пожар в отсеке шасси
    wheel-well fire
    поиск в условном квадрате
    square search
    полет в восточном направлении
    eastbound flight
    полет в зоне ожидания
    1. holding
    2. holding flight полет в направлении на станцию
    flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight outbound the station
    полет в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight
    полет в нормальных метеоусловиях
    normal weather operation
    полет в обоих направлениях
    back-to-back flight
    полет в одном направлении
    one-way flight
    полет в пределах континента
    coast-to-coast flight
    полет в режиме висения
    hover flight
    полет в режиме ожидания
    holding operation
    полет в режиме ожидания на маршруте
    holding en-route operation
    полет в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    special event flight
    полет в сложных метеоусловиях
    bad-weather flight
    полет в строю
    formation flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    1. bumpy-air flight
    2. turbulent flight полет в условиях отсутствия видимости
    nonvisual flight
    полет в условиях плохой видимости
    low-visibility flight
    полет в установленной зоне
    standoff flight
    полет в установленном секторе
    sector flight
    полетное время, продолжительность полета в данный день
    flying time today
    полет по кругу в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic circuit operation
    полет с дозаправкой топлива в воздухе
    refuelling flight
    полеты в районе открытого моря
    off-shore operations
    полеты в светлое время суток
    daylight operations
    полеты в темное время суток
    night operations
    положение амортизатора в обжатом состоянии
    shock strut compressed position
    положение в воздушном пространстве
    air position
    помпаж в воздухозаборнике
    air intake surge
    попадание в порыв ветра
    gust penetration
    попадание в турбулентность
    turbulence penetration
    порядок действий в аварийной обстановке
    emergency procedure
    порядок эксплуатации в зимних условиях
    snow plan
    посадка в режиме авторотации в выключенным двигателем
    power-off autorotative landing
    посадка в светлое время суток
    day landing
    посадка в сложных метеоусловиях
    bad weather landing
    посадка в темное время суток
    night landing
    потери в воздухозаборнике
    intake losses
    поток в промежуточных аэродромах
    pick-up traffic
    потолок в режиме висения
    hovering ceiling
    правила полета в аварийной обстановке
    emergency flight procedures
    представлять в закодированном виде
    submit in code
    предупреждение столкновений в воздухе
    mid air collision control
    препятствие в зоне захода на посадку
    approach area hazard
    препятствие в районе аэропорта
    airport hazard
    прибывать в зону аэродрома
    arrive over the aerodrome
    приведение в действие
    actuation
    приведение эшелонов в соответствие
    correlation of levels
    приводить в действие
    actuate
    приводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годности
    return an aircraft to flyable status
    приводить в рабочее состояние
    prepare for service
    приводить в состояние готовности
    alert to
    пригодный для полета только в светлое время суток
    available for daylight operation
    приспособление для захвата объектов в процессе полета
    flight pick-up equipment
    проверено в полете
    flight checked
    проверка в кабине экипажа
    cockpit check
    проверка в полете
    flight check
    проверка в процессе облета
    flyby check
    прогноз в графическом изображении
    pictorial forecast
    продолжительность в режиме висения
    hovering endurance
    продувать в аэродинамической трубе
    test in the wind tunnel
    производить посадку в самолет
    emplane
    происшествие в районе аэропорта
    airport-related accident
    прокладка в системе двигателя
    engine gasket
    прокладка маршрута в районе аэродрома
    terminal routing
    пропуск на вход в аэропорт
    airport laissez-passer
    просвет в облачности
    cloud gap
    пространственная ориентация в полете
    inflight spatial orientation
    пространственное положение в момент удара
    attitude at impact
    противобликовая защита в кабине
    cabin glare protection
    профиль волны в свободном поле
    free-field signature
    профиль местности в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome ground profile
    пружина распора в выпущенном положении
    downlock bungee spring
    (опоры шасси) пункт назначения, указанный в авиабилете
    ticketed destination
    пункт назначения, указанный в купоне авиабилета
    coupon destination
    работа в режиме запуска двигателя
    engine start mode
    работа только в режиме приема
    receiving only
    радиолокационный обзор в полете
    inflight radar scanning
    радиус действия радиолокатора в режиме поиска
    radar search range
    разворот в процессе планирования
    gliding turn
    разворот в режиме висения
    hovering turn
    разворот в сторону приближения
    inbound turn
    разворот в сторону удаления
    outbound turn
    размещать в воздушном судне
    fill an aircraft with
    разница в тарифах по классам
    class differential
    разрешение в процессе полета по маршруту
    en-route clearance
    разрешение на полет в зоне ожидания
    holding clearance
    расстояние в милях
    mileage
    расстояние в милях между указанными в билете пунктами
    ticketed point mileage
    расчетное время в пути
    estimated time en-route
    регистрация в зале ожидания
    concourse check
    регулятор давления в кабине
    cabin pressure regulator
    режим воздушного потока в заборнике воздуха
    inlet airflow schedule
    режим малого газа в заданных пределах
    deadband idle
    речевой регистратор переговоров в кабине экипажа
    cockpit voice recorder
    руководство по производству полетов в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome rules
    рулежная дорожка в районе аэровокзала
    terminal taxiway
    сближение в полете
    air miss
    сваливание в штопор
    spin stall
    сдавать в багаж
    park in the baggage
    сдвиг ветра в зоне полета
    flight wind shear
    сигнал бедствия в коде ответчика
    squawk mayday
    сигнал входа в глиссаду
    on-slope signal
    сигнал действий в полете
    flight urgency signal
    сигнализация аварийной обстановки в полете
    air alert warning
    сигнал между воздушными судами в полете
    air-to-air signal
    сигнальные огни входа в створ ВПП
    runway alignment indicator lights
    система предупреждения конфликтных ситуаций в полете
    conflict alert system
    система распространения информации в определенные интервалы времени
    fixed-time dissemination system
    система регулирования температуры воздуха в кабине
    cabin temperature control system
    скольжение в направлении полета
    forwardslip
    скорость в условиях турбулентности
    1. rough-air speed
    2. rough airspeed скрытое препятствие в районе ВПП
    runway hidden hazard
    сложные метеоусловия в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome adverse weather
    служба управления движением в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome control service
    служба управления движением в зоне аэропорта
    airport traffic service
    смесеобразование в карбюраторе
    carburetion
    с момента ввода в эксплуатацию
    since placed in service
    снежный заряд в зоне полета
    inflight snow showers
    снижение в режиме авторотации
    autorotative descent
    снижение в режиме планирования
    gliding descent
    снижение в режиме торможения
    braked descent
    снимать груз в контейнере
    discharge the cargo
    событие в результате непреднамеренных действий
    unintentional occurrence
    совершать посадку в направлении ветра
    land downwind
    согласованность в действиях
    coherence
    списание девиации в полете
    airswinging
    списание девиации компаса в полете
    air compass swinging
    списание радиодевиации в полете
    airborne error measurement
    способность выполнять посадку в сложных метеорологических условиях
    all-weather landing capability
    срок службы в часах налета
    flying life
    срываться в штопор
    1. fall into the spin
    2. fail into the spin ставить в определенное положение
    pose
    столкновение в воздухе
    1. mid-air collision
    2. aerial collision схема в зоне ожидания
    holding pattern
    схема входа в диспетчерскую зону
    entry procedure
    схема входа в зону ожидания
    holding entry procedure
    схема движения в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic pattern
    схема полета в зоне ожидания
    holding procedure
    схема полета по приборам в зоне ожидания
    instrument holding procedure
    счетчик пройденного километража в полете
    air-mileage indicator
    считывание показаний приборов в полете
    flight instrument reading
    тариф в местной валюте
    local currency fare
    тариф в одном направлении
    directional rate
    тариф для полета в одном направлении
    single fare
    тариф за перевозку грузов в специальном приспособлении для комплектования
    unit load device rate
    тариф на полет в ночное время суток
    night fare
    тариф на полет с возвратом в течение суток
    day round trip fare
    телесное повреждение в результате авиационного происшествия
    accident serious injury
    температура в данной точке
    local temperature
    температура воздуха в трубопроводе
    duct air temperature
    температура газов на входе в турбину
    turbine entry temperature
    температура на входе в турбину
    turbine inlet temperature
    траектория полета в зоне ожидания
    holding path
    трение в опорах
    bearing friction
    тренировка в барокамере
    altitude chamber drill
    турбулентность в атмосфере без облаков
    clear air turbulence
    турбулентность в облаках
    turbulence in clouds
    турбулентность в спутном следе
    wake turbulence
    тяга в полете
    flight thrust
    угроза применения взрывчатого устройства в полете
    inflight bomb threat
    удельный расход топлива на кг тяги в час
    thrust specific fuel consumption
    удерживать контакты в замкнутом положении
    hold contacts closed
    удостоверяющая запись в свидетельстве
    licence endorsement
    указания по условиям эксплуатации в полете
    inflight operational instructions
    указатель входа в створ ВПП
    runway alignment indicator
    указатель высоты в кабине
    cabin altitude indicator
    указатель местоположения в полете
    air position indicator
    указатель перепада давления в кабине
    cabin pressure indicator
    указатель уровня в баке
    tank level indicator
    уменьшение ограничений в воздушных перевозках
    air transport facilitation
    упаковывать в контейнере
    containerize
    упаковывать груз в контейнере
    containerize the cargo
    управление в зоне
    area control
    управление в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome control
    управление в зоне захода на посадку
    approach control
    уровень шума в населенном пункте
    community noise level
    уровень шумового фона в кабине экипажа
    flight deck aural environment
    уровень шумового фона в районе аэропорта
    acoustic airport environment
    уровень электролита в аккумуляторе
    battery electrolyte level
    усилие в системе управления
    control force
    условия в полете
    in-flight conditions
    условия в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome environment
    условия в районе ВПП
    runway environment
    условия нагружения в полете
    flight loading conditions
    условное обозначение в сообщении о ходе полета
    flight report identification
    условное обозначение события в полете
    flight occurrence identification
    устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
    determine air in a system
    установка в определенное положение
    positioning
    установка в положение для захода на посадку
    approach setting
    установленные обязанности в полете
    prescribed flight duty
    установленный в гондоле
    nacelle-mounted
    устойчивость в полете
    inflight stability
    устройство отображения информации в кабине экипажа
    cockpit display
    устройство разворота в нейтральное положение
    self-centering device
    уточнение плана полета по сведениям, полученным в полете
    inflight operational planning
    ухудшение в полете
    flight deterioration
    участие в расследовании
    participation in the investigation
    форма крыла в плане
    wing planform
    характеристика в зоне ожидания
    holding performance
    цифровая система наведения в полете
    digital flight guidance system
    чартерный рейс в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    special event charter
    число оборотов в минуту
    revolutions per minute
    чрезвычайное обстоятельство в полете
    flight emergency circumstance
    шаг в режиме торможения
    braking pitch
    шасси, убирающееся в фюзеляж
    inward retracting landing gear
    шлиц в головке винта
    screw head slot
    эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
    operate under the conditions
    эксплуатировать в соответствии с техникой безопасности
    operate safety
    этапа полета в пределах одного государства
    domestic flight stage
    этап входа в глиссаду
    glide capture phase
    этап полета, указанный в полетном купоне
    flight coupon stage
    эшелонирование в зоне ожидание
    holding stack

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > в

  • 17 пассивный участок полёта

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пассивный участок полёта

  • 18 сторона

    1) General subject: angle (вопроса, дела), aspect, corner (света), country, direction, distance, effecter (в сделке), flank, hand, interior, inward, non-performing party, part (в споре и т. п.), party, phase, place, quarter (From every quarter - со всех сторон), region, side (в процессе, споре и т. п.), way, withers, area (areas of the baby's development - стороны развития ребёнка), (например, one of the best things about my job is...) thing
    2) Geology: branch (складки)
    3) Biology: side (сосуда)
    4) Naval: broad side
    5) Medicine: aspect (напр. органа)
    6) American: end
    7) Military: partner
    8) Engineering: direction (направление)
    9) Agriculture: diverting weir
    10) Mathematics: S (side), arm (угла), leg, leg (треугольника)
    11) Railway term: coast
    13) Architecture: clime, leg (угла; равнобедренного треугольника; равнобочной трапеции)
    14) Diplomatic term: camp, part (в договоре, соглашении и т.п.), party (тж. юр.), side (в переговорах)
    15) Textile: flank (напр. одежды)
    17) Mechanic engineering: sense (вращения)
    18) Drilling: site
    20) Makarov: aspect (вопроса), aspect (здания и т.п.), bearing, flank (боковая), leg (угла; равнобочной трапеции, равнобедренного треугольника), party (в переговорах), view
    21) Electrochemistry: face

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сторона

  • 19 Albuquerque, Afonso de

    (1462?-1515)
       One of the greatest conquistadores of Portugal's Asian empire in its early phase and, in effect, the founder of the nation's Asian empire. Initially serving the king in Portugal's Moroccan conquests, Albuquerque first went to India in 1503, and during the period 1503-15 he extended Portugal's maritime empire from the west coast of India to Malacca and made efforts to take various port cities in Arabia including Aden and Or-muz. Among his ambitious schemes was the plan to carry a crusade to the Muslims in Arabia and capture the holy city of Mecca. Known as the most capable of Portugal's early empire builders, Albuquerque was a man of many talents: soldier, sailor, administrator, statesman, diplomat, and strategist. Poorly rewarded for his Herculean efforts on behalf of King Manuel I, Albuquerque was humiliated when he witnessed the arrival of a new governor, appointed without his knowledge by the king. Exhausted and mortally ill from his campaigns, he died in Goa, Portuguese India, on 16 December 1515.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Albuquerque, Afonso de

  • 20 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

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